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Sex Difference of Colorectal Cancer

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Sex/Gender-Specific Medicine in the Gastrointestinal Diseases

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of cancer morbidity in both male and female. The development of CRC is found 1.5 times higher in men compared to women, and the development is 4–8 years earlier in men than women, suggesting the protective role of estrogen in the CRC. Sex difference of CRC has two aspects between sexual dimorphism (biological differences in hormones and genes) and gender differences (non-biological differences in societal attitudes and behavior). Recently there has been a growing body of evidence indicating sexual dimorphism in the biology of gene and protein expression, and in endocrine cellular signaling. Women have a higher risk of developing right-sided (proximal) colon cancer than men, which is associated with more aggressive form of neoplasia compared to left-sided (distal) colon cancer. Despite differences in tumor location between men and women, most of scientific researchers do not consider sex specificity for study design and interpretation. Also, CRC screening guidelines do not distinguish women from men, and socio-cultural barriers within women sometimes delay screening and diagnosis. Few studies have reported sex-specific estimates of dietary risk factors which are crucial to establish cancer prevention guidelines. Furthermore, chemotherapy for CRC can cause toxicity to the reproductive system, and sex-specific recurrence and survival rates are reported. Therefore, understanding sex/gender-related biological and socio-cultural differences in CRC risk will help in providing gender-specific strategies for screening, treatment, and prevention protocols to reduce the mortality and improve the quality of life. In this review, physiological or pathophysiological characteristics arising from differences in hormonal or other biological parameters such as genetic inheritance and epidemiology of underlying biological causes were reviewed.

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  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea (Republic of)

    Nayoung Kim

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    Nayoung Kim

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Kim, N. (2022). Sex Difference of Colorectal Cancer. In: Kim, N. (eds) Sex/Gender-Specific Medicine in the Gastrointestinal Diseases. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0120-1_20

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