Phytosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Role as Antimicrobials

Abstract

Bionanotechnology is an interdisciplinary field involving biotechnology, nanotechnology, chemistry, physics, and material science. Nanoparticles exhibit novel properties depending on the size, shape, and morphology which enable them to interact with plants, animals, and microorganisms. Some researchers have utilized the chemical and physical methods for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles; however, environment-friendly synthesis of metal nanoparticles is becoming popular in recent times. Also, the biological synthesis method is cost effective, and the raw material is available in abundance. Phytosynthesis of nanoparticles is also explained as the green chemistry approach for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. It has emerged as a promising field of research in the field of bionanotechnology. Various studies have showcased diverse aspects of phytosynthesis of metal nanoparticles that include methods of synthesis, mechanism, and the applications offered by the biosynthesized particles. Among the nanoparticles researched till date, silver nanoparticles have gained significant position owing to their inherent characteristic as an antimicrobial agent. Although the antimicrobial potential of silver metal has been recognized since centuries, after the discovery of silver in the nanoparticle form, it has gained tremendous impetus due to the exceptional rise in its antimicrobial property. Phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles show efficient antimicrobial activity and are used in different biomedical applications. In the present chapter, we highlight the biosynthesis of nanoparticles, plants as a system for synthesis process, biomaterials used, and mechanism of formation of nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles as an efficient antimicrobial agent against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.