Abstract
Depressive disorders are repetitive, enervative, degenerating with ever lasting impact on socio-economic and prompt with life-threatening illness. Recent development in the area of probiotics states that in the state of chronic illness and stress there is marked decrease in levels of potentially beneficial bacteria. Bacterial presence in an intestinal tract are involved in various processes such as synthesis of vitamins, triggering of immune response, protection of defence barrier system with production of certain bioprotective molecules and neutralization of various toxins. Adaptation of western culture and modernization of lifestyle encounters with certain stressful events in daily life which leads to slow prognosis of depression and serious episodes of many disorders. Research on certain animals and humans states that stress has negative impact on an intestinal microflora, as well as affects gastrointestinal motility, imbalance in certain chemicals which will directly affect the local flora. Gastrointestinal tract is a house of around 100 million neurons, immune responsive cells and certain microorganism. Many researchers have linked certain inflammatory responses which affects the mood of humans due to intestinal disturbances. Probiotics can be explored as an adjuvant therapy along with management therapy. Some attention must be drawn towards potential benefits of already marketed probiotics in market. In this comprehensive literature review on certain factors associated with depressive disorders and probiotics as supplements for countering depressive disordersĀ is done.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ć berg-Wistedt A, Jostell KG, Ross SB, Westerlund D (1981) Effects of zimelidine and desipramine on serotonin and noradrenaline uptake mechanisms in relation to plasma concentrations and to therapeutic effects during treatment of depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 74(4):297ā305
Abildgaard A, Elfving B, Hokland M, Wegener G, Lund S (2017) Probiotic treatment reduces depressive-like behaviour in rats independently of diet. Psychoneuroendocrinology 79:40ā48
Abraham BP, Quigley EMM (2017) Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 46(4):769ā782
Akbaraly TN, Brunner EJ, Ferrie JE, Marmot MG, Kivimaki M, Singh-Manoux A (2009) Dietary pattern and depressive symptoms in middle age. Br J Psychiatry 195(5):408ā413
Akkasheh G, Kashani-Poor Z, Tajabadi-Ebrahimi M, Jafari P, Akbari H, Taghizadeh M et al (2016) Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic administration in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrition 32(3):315ā320
Albert GC, Cook CM, Prato FS, Thomas AW (2009) Deep brain stimulation, vagal nerve stimulation and transcranial stimulation: an overview of stimulation parameters and neurotransmitter release. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33(7):1042ā1060
Alonso M, Vianna MRM, Izquierdo I, Medina JH (2002) Signaling mechanisms mediating BDNF modulation of memory formation in vivo in the hippocampus. Cell Mol Neurobiol 22(5):663ā674
Alonso C, Guilarte M, Vicario M, Ramos L, Ramadan Z, AntolĆn M et al (2008) Maladaptive intestinal epithelial responses to life stress may predispose healthy women to gut mucosal inflammation. Gastroenterology 135(1):163ā172
Appleton KM, Sallis HM, Perry R, Ness AR, Churchill R (2015) Omega-3 fatty acids for depression in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5(11)
Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, Le Paslier D, Yamada T, Mende DR et al (2011) Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature 473(7346):174ā180
Banks WA, Farr SA, La Scola ME, Morley JE (2001) Intravenous human interleukin-1 Ī± impairs memory processing in mice: dependence on blood-brain barrier transport into posterior division of the septum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 299(2):536ā541
Bear TLK, Dalziel JE, Coad J, Roy NC, Butts CA, Gopal PK (2020) The role of the gut microbiota in dietary interventions for depression and anxiety. Adv Nutr:1ā18
Bercik P, Denou E, Collins J, Jackson W, Lu J, Jury J et al (2011) The intestinal microbiota affect central levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor and behavior in mice. Gastroenterology 141(2):599ā609
Borre YE, OāKeeffe GW, Clarke G, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF (2014) Microbiota and neurodevelopmental windows: implications for brain disorders. Trends Mol Med 20(9):509ā518
Butt H, Dunstan R, McGregor N, Roberts T (2001) Bacterial colonosis in patients with persistent fatigue. In: Proceedings of the AHMF International Clinical Sciences Conference
Cepeda MS, Katz EG, Blacketer C (2017) Microbiome-gut-brain axis: probiotics and their association with depression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 29(1):39ā44
Chang CJ, Lu CC, Lin CS, Martel J, Ko YF, Ojcius DM et al (2018) Antrodia cinnamomea reduces obesity and modulates the gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 42(2):231ā243
Chaucheyras-Durand F, Durand H (2010) Probiotics in animal nutrition and health. Benef Microbes 1(1):3ā9
Claesson MJ, Jeffery IB, Conde S, Power SE, Oāconnor EM, Cusack S et al (2012) Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly. Nature 488(7410):178ā184
Clarke G, Grenham S, Scully P, Fitzgerald P, Moloney RD, Shanahan F et al (2013) The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner. Mol Psychiatry 18(6):666ā673
Cohen S, Janicki-Deverts D, Doyle WJ, Miller GE, Frank E, Rabin BS et al (2012) Chronic stress, glucocorticoid receptor resistance, inflammation, and disease risk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(16):5995ā5999
Collins SM, Denou E, Verdu EF, Bercik P (2009) The putative role of the intestinal microbiota in the irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Liver Dis 41(12):850ā853
Costello EK, Lauber CL, Hamady M, Fierer N, Gordon JI, Knight R (2009) Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time. Science 326(5960):1694ā1697
Cryan JF, Dinan TG (2012) Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci 13(10):701ā712
Cuello-Garcia CA, Brozek JL, Fiocchi A, Pawankar R, Yepes-NuƱez JJ, Terracciano L et al (2015) Probiotics for the prevention of allergy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol 136(4):952ā961
DāSa C, Duman RS (2002) Antidepressants and neuroplasticity. Bipolar Disord 4(3):183ā194
David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, Gootenberg DB, Button JE, Wolfe BE et al (2014) Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 505(7484):559ā563
De Palma G, Collins SM, Bercik P, Verdu EF (2014) The microbiota-gut-brain axis in gastrointestinal disorders: stressed bugs, stressed brain or both? J Physiol 592(14):2989ā2997
Desbonnet L, Garrett L, Clarke G, Kiely B, Cryan JF, Dinan TG (2010) Effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis in the maternal separation model of depression. Neuroscience 170(4):1179ā1188
Dhakal R, Bajpai VK, Baek KH (2012) Production of GABA (Ī³-aminobutyric acid) by microorganisms: a review. Braz J Microbiol 43(4):1230ā1241
Di Bella JM, Bao Y, Gloor GB, Burton JP, Reid G (2013) High throughput sequencing methods and analysis for microbiome research. J Microbiol Methods 95(3):401ā414
Dinan TG, Cryan JF (2012) Regulation of the stress response by the gut microbiota: implications for psychoneuroendocrinology. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37(9):1369ā1378
Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF (2013) Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic. Biol Psychiatry 74(10):720ā726
Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Fierer N et al (2010) Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(26):11971ā11975
Dunner DL, Blier P, Keller MB, Pollack MH, Thase ME, Zajecka JM (2007) Preventing recurrent depression: long-term treatment for major depressive disorder. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 9(3):214ā223
Duval F, Lebowitz BD, Macher JP (2006) Treatments in depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 8(2):191ā206
Eriksson E, Hedberg MA, Andersch B, Sundblad C (1995) The serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetin is superior to the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor maprotiline in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Neuropsychopharmacology 12(2):167ā176
Ewaschuk JB, Diaz H, Meddings L, Diederichs B, Dmytrash A, Backer J et al (2008) Secreted bioactive factors from Bifidobacterium infantis enhance epithelial cell barrier function. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 295(5):76ā85
Finegold SM, Dowd SE, Gontcharova V, Liu C, Henley KE, Wolcott RD et al (2010) Pyrosequencing study of fecal microflora of autistic and control children. Anaerobe 16(9):444ā453
Gerritsen J, Smidt H, Rijkers GT, De Vos WM (2011) Intestinal microbiota in human health and disease: the impact of probiotics. Genes Nutr 6(3):209ā240
Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB (1995) Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr 125(6):1401ā1412
Gill SR, Pop M, DeBoy RT, Eckburg PB, Turnbaugh PJ, Samuel BS et al (2006) Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. Science 312(5778):1355ā1359
Grosso G, Galvano F, Marventano S, Malaguarnera M, Bucolo C, Drago F et al (2014a) Omega-3 fatty acids and depression: scientific evidence and biological mechanisms. Oxid Med Cell Longev 7(2):86ā93
Grosso G, Pajak A, Marventano S, Castellano S, Galvano F, Bucolo C et al (2014b) Role of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of depressive disorders: a comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. PLoS One 9(5):117ā126
Gruenwald J, Graubaum HJ, Harde A (2002) Effect of a probiotic multivitamin compound on stress and exhaustion. Adv Ther 19(3):141ā150
Haast RAM, Kiliaan AJ (2015) Impact of fatty acids on brain circulation, structure and function. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 92:3ā14
Hay PJ, Claudino AM (2012) Clinical psychopharmacology of eating disorders: a research update. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 15(2):209ā222
Heijtz RD, Wang S, Anuar F, Qian Y, Bjƶrkholm B, Samuelsson A et al (2011) Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(7):3047ā3052
Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G, Gibson GR, Merenstein DJ, Pot B et al (2014) Expert consensus document: the international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 11(8):506ā514
Holzapfel WH, Haberer P, Snel J, Schillinger U, HuisāInT veld JHJ (1998) Overview of gut flora and probiotics. Int J Food Microbiol 41(2):85ā101
Horrobin DF (2002) Food, micronutrients, and psychiatry. Int Psychogeriatr 14(4):331ā334
Huttenhower C, Gevers D, Knight R, Abubucker S, Badger JH, Chinwalla AT et al (2012) Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 486(7402):207ā214
Insel TR, Mueller EA, Alterman I, Linnoila M, Murphy DL (1985) Obsessive-compulsive disorder and serotonin: is there a connection? Biol Psychiatry 20(11):1174ā1188
Joel D, Zohar O, Afek M, Hermesh H, Lerner L, Kuperman R et al (2005) Impaired procedural learning in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Parkinsonās disease, but not in major depressive disorder. Behav Brain Res 150(2):253ā263
Karakula-Juchnowicz H, Rog J, Juchnowicz D, Åoniewski I, Skonieczna-Ydecka K, Krukow P et al (2019) The study evaluating the effect of probiotic supplementation on the mental status, inflammation, and intestinal barrier in major depressive disorder patients using gluten-free or gluten-containing diet (SANGUT study): a 12-week, randomized, double-blind. Nutr J 18(1):1ā13
Kato-Kataoka A, Nishida K, Takada M, Kawai M, Kikuchi-Hayakawa H, Suda K et al (2016) Fermented milk containing lactobacillus casei strain Shirota preserves the diversity of the gut microbiota and relieves abdominal dysfunction in healthy medical students exposed to academic stress. Appl Environ Microbiol 82(12):3649ā3658
Kawai T, Takeuchi O, Fujita T, Inoue J, MĆ¼hlradt PF, Sato S et al (2001) Lipopolysaccharide stimulates the MyD88-independent pathway and results in activation of IFN-regulatory factor 3 and the expression of a subset of lipopolysaccharide-inducible genes. J Immunol 167(10):5887ā5894
Kelly JR, Allen AP, Temko A, Hutch W, Kennedy PJ, Farid N et al (2017) Lost in translation? The potential psychobiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus (JB-1) fails to modulate stress or cognitive performance in healthy male subjects. Brain Behav Immun 61:50ā59
Kessler RC, Bromet EJ (2013) The epidemiology of depression across cultures. Annu Rev Public Health 34(1):119ā138
Kuda T, Enomoto T, Yano T, Fujii T (2000) Cecal environment and TBARS level in mice fed corn oil, beef tallow and menhaden fish oil. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 46(2):65ā70
Ley RE, BƤckhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone CA, Knight RD, Gordon JI (2005) Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(31):11070ā11075
Logan AC, Katzman M (2005) Major depressive disorder: probiotics may be an adjuvant therapy. Med Hypotheses 64(3):533ā538
Maan G, Sikdar B, Kumar A, Shukla R, Mishra A (2020) Role of flavonoids in neurodegenerative diseases: limitations and future perspectives. Curr Top Med Chem. Apr 16 [cited 2020 Apr 19];20
Macpherson AJ, Harris NL (2004) Interactions between commensal intestinal bacteria and the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 4(6):478ā485
Malaguarnera M, Vacante M, Antic T, Giordano M, Chisari G, Acquaviva R, et al. Bifidobacterium longum with fructo-oligosaccharides in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2012;57(2):545ā553
Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, RĆ©mĆ©sy C, JimĆ©nez L (2004) Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 79(5):727ā747
Mayer EA, Knight R, Mazmanian SK, Cryan JF, Tillisch K (2014) Gut microbes and the brain: paradigm shift in neuroscience. J Neurosci 34(46):15490ā15496
Messaoudi M, Lalonde R, Violle N, Javelot H, Desor D, Nejdi A et al (2011) Assessment of psychotropic-like properties of a probiotic formulation (lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in rats and human subjects. Br J Nutr 105(5):755ā764
Miller AH, Maletic V, Raison CL (2010) Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Psiquiatr Biol 17(2):71ā80
Morgan XC, Huttenhower C (2012) Chapter 12: human microbiome analysis. PLoS Comput Biol 8(12):76ā88
NCT02957591 (2016) Probiotic supplementation in severe depression. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02957591
Ng QX, Peters C, Ho CYX, Lim DY, Yeo WS (2018) A meta-analysis of the use of probiotics to alleviate depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord 228:13ā19
Nowak G, Siwek M, Dudek D, Zieba A, Pilc A (2003) Effect of zinc supplementation on antidepressant therapy in unipolar depression: a preliminary placebo-controlled study. Pol J Pharmacol 55(6):1143ā1147
OāMalley D, Julio-Pieper M, Gibney SM, Dinan TG, Cryan JF (2010) Distinct alterations in colonic morphology and physiology in two rat models of enhanced stress-induced anxiety and depression-like behaviour. Stress 13(2):114ā122
Ohland CL, Kish L, Bell H, Thiesen A, Hotte N, Pankiv E et al (2013) Effects of lactobacillus helveticus on murine behavior are dependent on diet and genotype and correlate with alterations in the gut microbiome. Psychoneuroendocrinology 38(9):1738ā1747
Ott SJ, Musfeldt M, Wenderoth DF, Hampe J, Brant O, Fƶlsch UR et al (2004) Reduction in diversity of the colonic mucosa associated bacterial microflora in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 53(5):685ā693
Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB (1994) Role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of depression: focus on the serotonin transporter. Clin Chem 40(2):288ā295
Pan Z, Rosenblat JD, Swardfager W, McIntyre RS (2017) Role of proinflammatory cytokines in dopaminergic system disturbances, implications for anhedonic features of MDD. Curr Pharm Des 23(14):117ā123
Park AJ, Collins J, Blennerhassett PA, Ghia JE, Verdu EF, Bercik P et al (2013) Altered colonic function and microbiota profile in a mouse model of chronic depression. Neurogastroenterol Motil 25(9):256ā268
Parvez S, Malik KA, Ah Kang S, Kim HY (2006) Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health. J Appl Microbiol 100(6):1171ā1185
Pimentel M, Hallegua D, Chow EJ, Wallace D, Bonorris G, Lin HC (2000) Eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth decreases symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome: a double blind, randomized study. Gastroenterology 118(4):414ā421
Pimentel M, Wallace D, Hallegua D, Chow E, Kong Y, Park S et al (2004) A link between irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia may be related to findings on lactulose breath testing. Ann Rheum Dis 63(4):450ā452
Pinto-Sanchez MI, Hall GB, Ghajar K, Nardelli A, Bolino C, Lau JT et al (2017) Probiotic Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 reduces depression scores and alters brain activity: a pilot study in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 153(2):448ā459
Pringsheim T, Kelly M, Barbui C (2016) Stopping antidepressants following depression. BMJ 220(February):4ā6
Qin J, Li R, Raes J, Arumugam M, Burgdorf KS, Manichanh C et al (2010) A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 464(7285):59ā65
Raes K, Huyghebaert G, De Smet S, Nollet L, Arnouts S, Demeyer D (2002) The deposition of conjugated linoleic acids in eggs of laying hens fed diets varying in fat level and fatty acid profile. J Nutr 132(2):182ā189
Raison CL (2019) Managing inflammation while treating patients with depression. MD Edge Psychcast 35(2):393ā409
Rao AV, Bested AC, Beaulne TM, Katzman MA, Iorio C, Berardi JM et al (2009) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of a probiotic in emotional symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome. Gut Pathog 1(1):6ā12
Rhee SH, Pothoulakis C, Mayer EA (2009) Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 6(5):306ā314
Romijn AR, Rucklidge JJ, Kuijer RG, Frampton C (2017) A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of lactobacillus helveticus and Bifidobacterium longum for the symptoms of depression. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 51(8):810ā821
Rosenthal NE, Sack DA (1984) From the Clinical Psychobiology Branch, National Institutes of Health. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:72ā80
Round JL, Mazmanian SK (2009) The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 9(5):313ā323
Saddiqe Z, Naeem I, Maimoona A (2010) A review of the antibacterial activity of Hypericum perforatum L. J Ethnopharmacol 131(3):511ā521
Salminen SJ, Gueimonde M, Isolauri E (2005) Probiotics that modify disease risk. J Nutr 135(5):1294ā1298
Salzman NH, Underwood MA, Bevins CL (2007) Paneth cells, defensins, and the commensal microbiota: a hypothesis on intimate interplay at the intestinal mucosa. Semin Immunol 19(2):70ā83
SĆ”nchez-Villegas A, Verberne L, de Irala J, RuĆz-Canela M, Toledo E, Serra-Majem L et al (2011) Dietary fat intake and the risk of depression: the SUN project. PLoS One 6(1):113ā121
Shim IH, Woo YS, Kim MD, Bahk WM (2017) Antidepressants and mood stabilizers: novel research avenues and clinical insights for bipolar depression. Int J Mol Sci 18(11)
Simopoulos AP (2002) Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. J Am Coll Nutr 21(6):495ā505
Singh A, Kumar A, Verma RK, Shukla R (2020 Apr) Silymarin encapsulated nanoliquid crystals for improved activity against beta amyloid induced cytotoxicity. Int J Biol Macromol 15(149):1198ā1206
Slavich GM, Irwin MR (2014) From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: a social signal transduction theory of depression. Psychol Bull 236(10):3063ā3079
Slykerman RF, Hood F, Wickens K, Thompson JMD, Barthow C, Murphy R et al (2017) Effect of lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 in pregnancy on postpartum symptoms of depression and anxiety: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. EBioMedicine 24:159ā165
Steenbergen L, Sellaro R, van Hemert S, Bosch JA, Colzato LS (2015) A randomized controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics on cognitive reactivity to sad mood. Brain Behav Immun 48:258ā264
Stephens RL, Tache Y (1989) Intracisternal injection of a TRH analogue stimulates gastric luminal serotonin release in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 256(2):289ā302
Sudo N (2006) Stress and gut microbiota: does postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response? Int Congr Ser 1287:350ā354
Sudo N, Chida Y, Aiba Y, Sonoda J, Oyama N, Yu XN et al (2004) Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response in mice. J Physiol 558(1):263ā275
TachĆ© Y, Yoneda M (1993) Central action of TRH to induce vagally mediated gastric cytoprotection and ulcer formation in rats. J Clin Gastroenterol 17:58ā63
Tan J, McKenzie C, Potamitis M, Thorburn AN, Mackay CR, Macia L (2014) The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease. Adv Immunol 121:91ā119
Tannock GW, Savage DC (1974) Influences of dietary and environmental stress on microbial populations in the murine gastrointestinal tract. Infect Immun 9(3):591ā598
Tillisch K, Labus J, Kilpatrick L, Jiang Z, Stains J, Ebrat B et al (2013) Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity. Gastroenterology 144(7):52ā71
van Bronswijk SC, Lemmens LHJM, Keefe JR, Huibers MJH, DeRubeis RJ, Peeters FPML (2019) A prognostic index for long-term outcome after successful acute phase cognitive therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for major depressive disorder. Depress Anxiety 36(3):252ā261
Williams BL, Hornig M, Buie T, Bauman ML, Cho Paik M, Wick I et al (2011) Impaired carbohydrate digestion and transport and mucosal dysbiosis in the intestines of children with autism and gastrointestinal disturbances. PLoS One 6(9):321ā346
Wirz-Justice A (2006) Biological rhythm disturbances in mood disorders. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 21:128ā134
World Health Organisation (WHO) (2009) WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care: first global patient safety challenge clean care is safer care. World Health 30(1):270
Yamashiro Y (2018) Gut microbiota in health and disease. Ann Nutr Metab 71(3):242ā246
Zheng P, Zeng B, Zhou C, Liu M, Fang Z, Xu X et al (2016) Gut microbiome remodeling induces depressive-like behaviors through a pathway mediated by the hostās metabolism. Mol Psychiatry 21(6):786ā796
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizers, Government of India. NIPER-R communication for this book chapter is NIPER-R/ Communication/093.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Ethics declarations
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
Ā© 2022 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shukla, R., Handa, M., Kumar, A. (2022). Probiotic Supplementation in Major Depressive Disorders. In: Deol, P.K., Sandhu, S.K. (eds) Probiotic Research in Therapeutics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6760-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6760-2_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-6759-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-6760-2
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)