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Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics: Northeast Indian Scenario

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Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Abstract

Cancer genomics, which deals with the study of the sum of DNA sequence and differences in patterns of gene expression between cancerous cells and healthy cells, helps to unfold the genetic origin and evolution of cancer genome, ultimately creating new therapeutic interventions. The era of cancer genome will take advantage of P4 medicine to quantify wellness and demystify disease. Future advancements in this field will follow extensive genetic testing, helping scientists to prepare drugs directly targeting those changes causing cancer. The ultimate goal is to provide proper treatment with precise dose—having negligible or no toxicity—for the specific patient to meet the need of the hour.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Silchar Medical College and Hospital (SMCH) and Cachar Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (CCHRC), Assam, for issuing tissue and blood samples of the patients. They are also appreciative to the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India for supporting infrastructural facilities and Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India as well as University Grant Commission (UGC), Government of India for providing fellowships under the DST-INSPIRE and UGC-MANF scheme, respectively.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Genome Science, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India

    Sharbadeb Kundu

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India

    Raima Das, Shaheen Laskar, Yashmin Choudhury & Sankar Kumar Ghosh

Authors
  1. Sharbadeb Kundu
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  2. Raima Das
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  3. Shaheen Laskar
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  4. Yashmin Choudhury
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  5. Sankar Kumar Ghosh
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    S. K. Basu

  2. Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Chinmay Kumar Panda

  3. Department of Pain and Palliative Medicine, ESI Institute of Pain Management, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Subrata Goswami

Appendix

Appendix

Adenocarcinoma: It is cancer form that arises in the mucus-secreting glands of the body. It develops in different places, with most prevalent in the lung, resulting in lung cancer. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) which accounts for 80% of lung cancers.

Intronic variant: The introns are non-coding regions of an RNA transcript, which are removed by splicing before translation. Any type of variations in introns might affect alternative splicing of the mRNA as they are integral to gene expression regulation.

Mesenchymal cells: These are adult stem cells multipotent stromal in nature, which can differentiate into a various cell types such as chondrocytes (cartilage cells), osteoblasts (bone cells), adipocytes (fat cells), and myocytes (muscle cells).

Next-generation sequencing (NGS): It is a powerful platform enabling the sequencing of thousands to millions of DNA molecules simultaneously at high speed and at low cost. Various applications include whole genome sequencing, whole exome sequencing, study of genomic diversity, metagenomics, epigenetics, finding of non-coding RNAs and protein-binding sites, and RNA sequencing for gene-expression profiling.

Oligonucleotide microarrays: It is also normally known as DNA chip or biochip consisting of an assembly of microscopic DNA points, which remains attached to its solid surface. It is used to quantify the expression levels of huge numbers of genes at the same time and also to genotype numerous regions of a genome. It is generated either by in situ synthesis or deposition of pre-synthesized oligonucleotides ranging in size from 25- to 60-mers.

Pluripotent cells: Pluripotent stem cells, also known as human embryonic stem cells, have the potential to go through self-renewal and to create all cells of the tissues of the body. It can be applied to counter a wide range of diseases, from diabetes to spinal cord injury, to childhood leukaemia, to heart disease.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC): This type of cancer is caused by an uncontrolled growth of abnormal squamous cells. It comprises a number of different types of cancer and was found that about 90% of cases of HNC (cancer of the mouth, throat, nasopharynx, nasal cavity, and associated structures) are caused by SCC.

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Kundu, S., Das, R., Laskar, S., Choudhury, Y., Ghosh, S.K. (2022). Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics: Northeast Indian Scenario. In: Basu, S.K., Panda, C.K., Goswami, S. (eds) Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4752-9_24

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