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Exploring Eruptive Phenomena from Vesiculation and Crystallization

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Vesiculation and Crystallization of Magma

Part of the book series: Advances in Volcanology ((VOLCAN))

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Abstract

The previous chapters explained the mechanism of each individual process (elementary process) involved in the vesiculation and crystallization of magma; the overall time evolution of the vesiculation process and the crystallization process comprising the elementary processes; the roles of physical properties in the processes; and shared the accuracy and limits of theoretical understanding compared with experiments. This chapter introduces the examples of interpreting the texture of volcanic products and readings of quantitative information from them by applying the understanding achieved to date. Keeping correspondence with eruption styles in mind, this chapter deals with actual data obtained from the texture analysis of eruptive products and applies the understanding achieved to date to the actual data to quantitatively understand eruptive phenomena in the order of explosive eruptions and nonexplosive eruptions. The last section describes the application to intrusions. Moreover, the bubble texture and crystalline texture are separately explained.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Pyroclastic flow deposits that are welded like lava after deposition are called welded tuff.

  2. 2.

    Surrounding rock that existed before magma intrudes.

  3. 3.

    Stock that has a horizontal lower boundary and a spherical upper boundary is also a type of intrusion.

  4. 4.

    Because formation of glass inclusions (melt inclusions) in phenocrysts requires hopper and dendrite crystals, described in Chap. 8, some researchers consider that the glass inclusions are not necessarily formed at low cooling rates but formed when magma ascends in volcanic conduits (Waters et al. 2015).

  5. 5.

    Phenocrysts and groundmass are based on an obvious difference in crystal size (CSD is bimodal); sometimes they are not based on absolute sizes. The same seems to hold true for pheno-bubbles and matrix-bubbles. If crystal size distribution does not show obvious bimodal but continuous distribution, the texture is called seriate. The corresponding bubble texture may have a power law distribution that is continuous from matrix-bubbles to pheno-bubbles.

  6. 6.

    An abbreviation of dense rock equivalent. Because highly vesicular volcanic rock contains much void spaces, the volume is converted to a DRE volume by excluding void spaces. A volume we can directly obtain from a deposit is an apparent volume with void spaces.

  7. 7.

    Although bubble number density should be calculated by the method to estimate three-dimensional morphological information from a two-dimensional image, as described in Sect. 11.9 in the Appendix (Chap. 11), a simplified method was used here.

  8. 8.

    A choked flow is assumed. A choked flow is a condition where a flux becomes limited by the velocity of sound when compressed fluid passes through a pipe.

  9. 9.

    In the case where viscous dissipation is not involved.

  10. 10.

    It is related to the fact that the specific volume—pressure curve of ordinary fluid is always convex downward.

  11. 11.

    In a steady-state conduit flow model, the initial velocity is one of the important parameters influencing degassing efficiency as well as gas permeability and controls whether the eruption becomes explosive or nonexplosive.

  12. 12.

    If the settling flux on the ground (the uppermost depositional surface) is constant, the increasing rate of thickness of the deposit is constant. Therefore, a stratigraphic positions in the deposit is exactly proportional to time. However, if the particle size distribution or the eruption column height at a source of supply change with time, the settling flux will change with time. In this case, to determine the scale of time on vertical positions in the deposit, we have to calculate it by the method of Iriyama et al. (2018).

  13. 13.

    In other words, negative correlation between the vesicularity and the crystallinity shall be excluded from consideration here.

  14. 14.

    Currently, scientific monitoring of materials has been continuously conducted (Arzilli and Carroll 2013).

  15. 15.

    Among them is a method using crystal fracturing, although not included here (Miwa and Geshi 2012).

  16. 16.

    Because magma with low water content cannot obtain overpressure that triggers ascent and buoyancy that is a driving force of ascent by itself, the magma may appear at the surface together with magma emitted by explosive eruptions in the same event. In practice, typical stratovolcanoes in island arcs are composed of pyroclasts such as vesiculated rocks (pumice and scoria) and lava flows, both of which constitute one eruption event (Moriya 1983).

  17. 17.

    If the initial water content is low, pressure corresponding to \(T_\mathrm{BN}\), at which the liquidus curve turns upward in Fig. 8.2, shifts to lower on the curve, that is, temperature shifts to higher.

  18. 18.

    If the nucleation rate, as a function of time, becomes \(J_{0}\) like a step function when \(t=0\), the maximum particle size \(R_{\max }\) present at time t is \(G_{0}t\) and the value of its CSD is written as \(J_{0} \exp ( -R_{\max }/G_{0} | t_\mathrm{ex} | )/G_{0}\) \(= J_{0} \exp ( - t/ | t_\mathrm{ex} | )/G_{0}\), which decreases exponentially with time. Because CSD is generally measured from about several to ten times the characteristic size defined by slope, CSD can be regarded as being in a steady state, from the observational point of view, after the elapse of several to ten times \(| t_\mathrm{ex}|\). Although the value of \(| t_\mathrm{ex}|\) is unknown, the discussion in the main body supposes that intervals of large-scale eruptions satisfy the condition for a steady state. Strict examination will be conducted using unsteady solutions for parameters that are a function of time and for plausible values.

  19. 19.

    This means “a steady-state in a timescale shorter than an interval of eruptions” Different steady-state CSD values can be given to different eruptions.

  20. 20.

    This is based on the thought of Kazuaki Nakamura that thermal energy is the primordial energy of volcanic eruptions.

  21. 21.

    For the Old Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone National Park in United States the time-predictable type holds.    Geysers and volcanic eruptions share precursory earthquakes and decompression-induced vesiculation processes (Kieffer 1984).

  22. 22.

    There are some exceptions. Settling of olivine phenocrysts is obviously observed in the picrite sill found at Ogi in Sado Island, Niigata  (Toramaru et al. 1996, 1997) and the sheet-like intrusion at Nosappumisaki, Hokkaido  (Simura and Ozawa 2011). Others are the accumulation of phenocrysts into the central part of dike by Bagnold effect (Bagnold 1954; Bhattacharji and Smith 1964).

  23. 23.

    Part of textures called ophitic sometimes include plagioclase poikilitically and completely enclosed in pyroxene. The same holds true for textures called poikilitic.

  24. 24.

    The order of crystallization is considered to be another factor.

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  1. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

    Atsushi Toramaru

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Toramaru, A. (2022). Exploring Eruptive Phenomena from Vesiculation and Crystallization. In: Vesiculation and Crystallization of Magma. Advances in Volcanology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4209-8_10

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