Abstract
Chitosan (CS) and Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) have multifaceted applications in medicine, agriculture, pharmaceutics, tissue engineering, waste water treatment and food industries. CS is recognized as a less or non-toxic, biocompatible polymer by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for wound dressing as well as in dietary application. The properties of CS have upgraded by making their nanoparticles. Due to their exceptional properties including nanosize with large surface area to volume ratio, presence of reactive groups (−NH2 and −OH), cationic nature (NH3+), bioadhesivity, biocompatibility, bioavailability and biodegradable nature; CNPs are explored in many ways in biomedical filed as an antimicrobial agent, wound healing agent, scaffolds for tissue engineering, anti-tumour agent in cancer therapy, carriers for gene and drug delivery, etc. In this chapter we highlight on CNPs preparation, characterization and certain important biomedical applications.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- AFM:
-
Atomic force microscopy
- CNPs:
-
Chitosan nanoparticles
- CS:
-
Chitosan
- DA:
-
Degree of acetylation
- DD:
-
Degree of deacetylation
- DLS:
-
Dynamic light scattering
- ELS:
-
Electrophoretic light scattering
- FTIR:
-
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
- HMW:
-
High molecular weight
- IBV:
-
Infectious bronchitis virus
- LMW:
-
Low molecular weight
- MMW:
-
Medium molecular weight
- nAg:
-
Silver nanoparticles
- nCu:
-
Copper nanoparticles
- NDV:
-
New castle disease virus
- NPs:
-
Nanoparticles
- nTiO2:
-
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles
- nZnO:
-
Zinc oxide nanoparticles
- PDI:
-
Polydispersity index
- PEC:
-
Polyelectrolyte complex
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscopy
- TEM:
-
Transmission electron microscopy
- TPP:
-
Tripolyphosphate
- XRD:
-
X-ray diffraction
References
Ahmad N, Ahmad R, Alrasheed RA et al (2020) A chitosan-PLGA based catechin hydrate nanoparticles used in targeting of lungs and cancer treatment. Saudi J Biol Sci 27(9):2344–2357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.05.023
Ahmadi F, Oveisi Z, Samani SM, Amoozgar Z (2015) Chitosan based hydrogels: Characteristics and pharmaceutical applications. Res Pharm Sci 10(1):1–16
Ali SW, Rajendran S, Joshi M (2011) Synthesis and characterization of chitosan and silver loaded chitosan nanoparticles for bioactive polyester. Carbohydr Polym 83(2):438–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.08.004
Amidi M, Mastrobattista E, Jiskoot W, Hennink WE (2010) Chitosan-based delivery systems for protein therapeutics and antigens. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 62:59–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.009
Aziz N, Fatma T, Varma A, Prasad R (2014) Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Scenedesmus abundans and evaluation of their antibacterial activity. J Nanoparticles, Article ID 689419. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/689419
Aziz N, Faraz M, Pandey R, Sakir M, Fatma T, Varma A, Barman I, Prasad R (2015) Facile algae-derived route to biogenic silver nanoparticles: synthesis, antibacterial and photocatalytic properties. Langmuir 31:11605–11612. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03081
Aziz N, Pandey R, Barman I, Prasad R (2016) Leveraging the attributes of Mucor hiemalis-derived silver nanoparticles for a synergistic broad-spectrum antimicrobial platform. Front Microbiol 7:1984. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01984
Baghdan E, Pinnapireddy SR, Strehlow B et al (2018) Lipid coated chitosan-DNA nanoparticles for enhanced gene delivery. Int J Pharm 535:473–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.045
Bal-Ozturk A, Karal-Yilmaz O, Akguner ZP et al (2019) Sponge-like chitosan-based nanostructured antibacterial material as a topical hemostat. J Appl Polym Sci 136(19):47522. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.47522
Barhate G, Gautam M, Gairola S et al (2014) Enhanced mucosal immune responses against tetanus toxoid using novel delivery system comprised of chitosanfunctionalized gold nanoparticles and botanical adjuvant: characterization, immunogenicity, and stability assessment. J Pharm Sci 103(11):3448–3456. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.24161
Barth HG (ed) (1984) Modern methods of particle size analysis, vol 97. John Wiley and sons
Bellich B, D Agostino I, Semeraro S et al (2016) “The good, the bad and the ugly” of Chitosans. Mar Drugs 14:99. https://doi.org/10.3390/md14050099
Bermingham A, Derrick JP (2002) The folic acid biosynthesis pathway in bacteria: evaluation of potential for antibacterial drug discovery. Bioessays 24:637–648. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.10114
Bhumkar DR, Pokharkar VB (2006) Studies on effect of pH on cross-linking of chitosan with sodium tripolyphosphate: a technical note. AAPS PharmSciTech 7(2):E138–E143. https://doi.org/10.1208/pt070250
Brunel F, Véron L, David L et al (2008) A novel synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles in reverse emulsion. Langmuir 24:11370–11377. https://doi.org/10.1021/la801917a
Cai N, Li C, Han C et al (2016) Tailoring mechanical and antibacterial properties of chitosan/gelatin nanofiber membranes with Fe3O4 nanoparticles for potential wound dressing application. Appl Surf Sci 369:492–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.02.053
Calvo P, Remuñán-López C, Vila-Jato JL, Alonso MJ (1997) Novel hydrophilic chitosan-polyethylene oxide nanoparticles as protein carriers. J Appl Polym Sci 63:125–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628
Carlstrom D (1957) The crystal structure of α-chitin (poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine). Int J Cell Biol 3(5):669–683. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.3.5.669
Chan HK, Kwok PCL (2011) Production methods for nanodrug particles using the bottom-up approach. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 63(6):406–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.011
Chandy T, Sharma CP (1990) Chitosan-as a biomaterial. Biomater Artif Cells Artif Organs 18:1–24. https://doi.org/10.3109/10731199009117286
Chen Y, Mohanraj VJ, Parkin JE (2003) Chitosan-dextran sulfate nanoparticles for delivery of an anti-angiogenesis peptide. Lett Pept Sci 10(5–6):621–629. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02442596
Chen Y, Mohanraj VJ, Wang F, Benson HA (2007) Designing chitosan-dextran sulfate nanoparticles using charge ratios. Aaps Pharm Sci Tech 8(4):131–139. https://doi.org/10.1208/pt0804098
Chen F, Li X, Mo X et al (2008) Electrospun chitosan-P(LLA-CL) nanofibers for biomimetic extracellular matrix. J Biomat Sci Polym E 19:677–691. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856208784089661
Cheng M, Zhu W, Li Q (2017) Anti-cancer efficacy of biotinylated chitosan nanoparticles in liver cancer. Oncotarget 8(35):59068
Cheung RCF, Ng TB, Wong JH, Chan WY (2015) Chitosan: an update on potential biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Mar Drugs 13(8):5156–5186. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13085156
Chien RC, Yen MT, Mau JL (2016) Antimicrobial and antitumor activities of chitosan from shiitake stipes, compared to commercial chitosan from crab shells. Carbohydr Polym 138:259–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.11.061
Choudhary RC, Kumaraswamy RV, Kumari S et al (2017a) Synthesis, characterization and application of chitosan nanomaterials loaded with zinc and copper for plant growth and protection. In: Prasad R et al (eds) Nanotechnology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4573-8_10
Choudhary RC, Kumaraswamy RV, Kumari S et al (2017b) Cu-chitosan nanoparticle boost defense responses and plant growth in maize (Zea mays L.). Sci Rep 7:9754. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08571-0
Ciro Y, Rojas J, Alhajj MJ et al (2020) Production and characterization of chitosan–polyanion nanoparticles by polyelectrolyte complexation assisted by high-intensity sonication for the modified release of methotrexate. Pharmaceuticals 13(1):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13010011
Clifton LA, Skoda MW, Le Brun AP et al (2015) Effect of divalent cation removal on the structure of gram-negative bacterial outer membrane models. Langmuir 31(1):404–412. https://doi.org/10.1021/la504407v
Coma V, Martial-Gros A, Garreau S et al (2002) Edible antimicrobial films based on chitosan matrix. J Food Sci 67:1162–1169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb09470.x
Crini G (2006) Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: a review. Bioresour Technol 97(9):1061–1085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.05.001
Danielsen S, Vårum KM, Stokke BT (2004) Structural analysis of chitosan mediated DNA condensation by AFM: influence of chitosan molecular parameters. Biomacromolecules 5(3):928–936. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm034502r
Dash M, Chiellini F, Ottenbrite RM, Chiellini E (2011) Chitosan-A versatile semisynthetic polymer in biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci 36:981–1014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.02.001
Deng QY, Zhou CR, Luo BH (2006) Preparation and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles containing lysozyme. Pharm Biol 44(5):336–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200600746246
Denuzier A, Ferrier D, Damour O (1998) Chitosan–chondroitin sulfate and chitosan–hyaluronate polyelectrolyte complexes: biological properties. Biomaterials 19(14):1275–1285. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(98)00036-2
Devlieghere F, Vermeulen A, Debevere J (2004) Chitosan: antimicrobial activity, interactions with food components and applicability as a coating on fruit and vegetables. Food Microbiol 21:703–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2004.02.008
Dodane V, Amin Khan M, Merwin JR (1992) Effect of chitosan on epithelial permeability and structure. Int J Pharm 182:21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5173(99)00030-7
Du WL, Niu SS, Xu YL et al (2009) Antibacterial activity of chitosan tripolyphosphate nanoparticles loaded with various metal ions. Carbohydr Polym 75(3):385–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.07.039
El-Shabouri MH (2002) Positively charged nanoparticles for improving the oral bioavailability of cyclosporin-A. Int J Pharm 249(1–2):101–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00461-1
Erbacher P, Zou S, Bettinger T et al (1998) Chitosan-based vector/DNA complexes for gene delivery: biophysical characteristics and transfection ability. Pharm Res 15:1332–1339. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011981000671
Ewart D, Peterson EJ, Steer CJ et al (2019) A new era of genetic engineering for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 49:e1–e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.05.004
Felt O, Buri P, Gurny R (1998) Chitosan: a unique polysaccharide for drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 24:979–993. https://doi.org/10.3109/03639049809089942
Friedman AD, Claypool SE et al (2013) The smart targeting of nanoparticles. Curr Pharm Des 19(35):6315–6329. https://doi.org/10.2174/13816128113199990375
Gällstedt M, Hedenqvist MS (2006) Packaging-related mechanical and barrier properties of pulp–fiber–chitosan sheets. Carbohydr Polym 63(1):46–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.07.024
Ghannam S, Korayem H, Farghaly L, Hosny S (2018) The effect of chitosan nanosilver dressing versus mesenchymal stem cells on wound healing. J Afr Assoc Physiol Sci 6:23–31
Gortari MC, Hours RA (2013) Biotechnological processes for chitin recovery out of crustacean waste: a mini-review. Electron J Biotechnol 16(3):14–14. https://doi.org/10.2225/vol16-issue3-fulltext-10
Goy RC, Dd B, Assis OB (2009) A review of the antimicrobial activity of chitosan. Polímeros 19:241–247. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282009000300013
Grenha A (2012) Chitosan nanoparticles: a survey of preparation methods. J Drug Target 20:291–300. https://doi.org/10.3109/1061186X.2011.65412
Guo SA, DiPietro LA (2010) Factors affecting wound healing. J Dent Res 89(3):219–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034509359125
Gupta AK, Naregalkar RR, Vaidya VD, Gupta M (2007) Recent advances on surface engineering of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. Nanomedicine 2(1):23–29. https://doi.org/10.2217/17435889.2.1.23
Gupta A, Mumtaz S, Li CH et al (2019) Combatting antibiotic-resistant bacteria using nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 48(2):415–427. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CS00748E
Hajji S, Khedir SB, Hamza-Mnif I et al (2019) Biomedical potential of chitosan-silver nanoparticles with special reference to antioxidant, antibacterial, hemolytic and in vivo cutaneous wound healing effects. Biochim Biophys Acta 1863:241–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.10.010
Han LK, Kimura Y, Okuda H (1999) Reduction in fat storage during chitin-chitosan treatment in mice fed a high-fat diet. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23:174–179
Han HD, Mangala LS, Lee JW et al (2010) Targeted gene silencing using RGD-labeled chitosan nanoparticles. Clin Cancer Res 16(15):3910–3922. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-0005
Harde H, Agrawal AK, Jain S (2014) Tetanus toxoids loaded glucomannosylated chitosan based nanohoming vaccine adjuvant with improved oral stability and immunostimulatory response. Pharm Res 32(1):122–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-014-1449-5
He C, Hu Y, Yin L et al (2010) Effects of particle size and surface charge on cellular uptake and biodistribution of polymeric nanoparticles. Biomaterials 31:3657–3666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.065
Helander IM, Nurmiaho-Lassila EL, Ahvenainen R et al (2001) Chitosan disrupts the barrier properties of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 71(2–3):235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00609-2
Hoffman AS (2012) Hydrogels for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64:18–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.010
Hong W, Zeng J, Xie J (2014) Antibiotic drugs targeting bacterial RNAs. Acta Pharm Sin B 4:258–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2014.06.012
Hosseinnejad M, Jafari SM (2016) Evaluation of different factors affecting antimicrobial properties of chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 85:467–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.022
Huang H, Yuan Q, Yang X (2005) Morphology study of gold–chitosan nanocomposites. J Colloid Interface Sci 282:26–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.08.063
Huang X, Sun Y, Nie J et al (2015) Using absorbable chitosan hemostatic sponges as a promising surgical dressing. Int J Biol Macromol 75:322–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.049
Huang Y, Li R, Chen J, Chen J (2016) Recent advances in chitosan-based nano particulate pulmonary drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 138:114–122. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NR03256G
Ichikawa S, Iwamoto S, Watanabe J (2005) Formation of biocompatible nanoparticles by self-assembly of enzymatic hydrolysates of chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69(9):1637–1642. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.69.1637
Illum L, Jabbal-Gill I, Hinchcliffe M et al (2001) Chitosan as a novel nasal delivery system for vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 51(1–3):81–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00171-5
Inamuddin, Ahamed MI, Prasad R (2021) Advanced antimicrobial materials and applications. Springer, Singapore. ISBN 978-981-15-7098-8. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789811570971
Ing LY, Zin NM, Sarwar A, Katas H (2012) Antifungal activity of chitosan nanoparticles and correlation with their physical properties. Int J Biomater 2012:632698. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/632698
Jang MK, Kong BG, Jeong YI et al (2004) Physicochemical characterization of a-chitin, b-chitin and c-chitin separated from natural resources. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 42:3423–3432. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.20176
Jarmila V, Vavrikova E (2011) Chitosan derivatives with antimicrobial, antitumour and antioxidant 494 activities, a review. Curr Pharm Des 17(32):3596–3607. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161211798194468
Javid A, Ahmadian S, Saboury AA et al (2013) Chitosan-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for doxorubicin delivery: synthesis and anticancer effect against human ovarian cancer cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 82:296–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/cbdd.12145
Jayasuriya AC (2017) Production of micro-and nanoscale chitosan particles for biomedical applications. In: Chitosan based biomaterials, vol 1. Woodhead Publishing, pp 185–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100230-8.00008-X
Jin H, Pi J, Yang F et al (2016) Folate-chitosan nanoparticles loaded with ursolic acid confer anti-breast cancer activities in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 6:30782. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30782
Jingou J, Shilei H, Weiqi L et al (2011) Preparation, characterization of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug in combine loaded chitosan/cyclodextrin nanoparticles and in vitro release study. J Colloid Interface Sci 83(1):103–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.11.005
Jw A, Liao W (2017) Enhanced anticancer effect of copper-loaded chitosan nanoparticles against osteosarcoma cancer. RSC Adv 7:15971–15977. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA21648J
Kheiri A, Jorf SM, Malihipour A et al (2017) Synthesis and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles and their effect on Fusarium head blight and oxidative activity in wheat. Int J Biol Macromol 102:526–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.034
Kim TH, Jiang HL, Jere D et al (2007) Chemical modification of chitosan as a gene carrier in vitro and in vivo. Prog Polym Sci 32(7):726–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.001
Kmiec M, Pighinelli L, Tedesco MF (2017) Chitosan-properties and applications in dentistry. Adv Tissue Eng Regen Med Open Access 2(4):00035. https://doi.org/10.15406/atroa.2017.02.00035
Kong M, Chen XG, Xue YP et al (2008) Preparation and antibacterial activity of chitosan microshperes in a solid dispersing system. Front Mater Sci China 2:214–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-008-0036-2
Köping-Höggård M, Tubulekas I, Guan H et al (2001) Chitosan as a nonviral gene delivery system. Structure–property relationships and characteristics compared with polyethylenimine in vitro and after lung administration in vivo. Gene Ther 8(14):1108–1121. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.gt.3301492
Kreuter J (1995) Nanoparticles as adjuvants for vaccines. In: Powell M, Newman M (eds) Vaccine design. Springer, New York, pp 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1823-5_19
Kulikov SN, Tikhonov VE, Bezrodnykh EA et al (2015) Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial activity of oligochitosans against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Russ J Bioorg Chem 41:57–62. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1068162015010100
Kumar MR, Muzzarelli RAA, Muzzarelli C et al (2004) Chitosan chemistry and pharmaceutical perspectives. Chem Rev 104(12):6017–6084. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr030441b
Kumar V, Bhatt PC, Rahman M et al (2017) Fabrication, optimization, and characterization of umbelliferone β-D-galactopyranoside-loaded PLGA nanoparticles in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: in vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Nanomedicine 12:6747. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S136629
Kumar S, Ye F, Dobretsov S, Dutta J (2019) Chitosan nanocomposite coatings for food, paints, and water treatment applications. App Sci 9:2409. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9122409
Le TMP, Dang TML, La TH et al (2013) Preparation of curcumin-loaded pluronic F127/chitosan nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Adv Nat Sci-Nanosc 4(2):025001. https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6262/4/2/025001
Lee R, Choi YJ, Jeong MS et al (2020) Hyaluronic acid-decorated glycol chitosan nanoparticles for pH-sensitive controlled release of doxorubicin and celecoxib in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Bioconjug Chem 31(3):923–932. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00048
Li X, Feng X, Yang S, Fu G, Wang T, Su Z (2010) Chitosan kills Escherichia coli through damage to be of cell membrane mechanism. Carbohydr Polym 79:493–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.07.011
Li Z, Yang F, Yang R (2015) Synthesis and characterization of chitosan derivatives with dual-antibacterial functional groups. Int J Biol Macromol 75:378–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.056
Li K, Liang N, Yang H (2017) Temozolomide encapsulated and folic acid decorated chitosan nanoparticles for lung tumor targeting: improving therapeutic efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 8(67):111318. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.22791
Li J, Rao J, Pu K (2018) Recent progress on semiconducting polymer nanoparticles for molecular imaging and cancer phototherapy. Biomaterials 155:217–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.11.025
Liu S, Luo H, Li N (2001) Resonance Rayleigh scattering study of the interaction of heparin with some basic diphenyl naphthylmethane dyes. Anal Chem 73(16):3907–3914. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac001454h
Liu R, Kay BK, Jiang S (2009) Nanoparticle delivery: targeting and nonspecific binding. MRS Bulletin 34(6):432–440
Liu Z, Lv D, Liu S et al (2013) Alginic acid-coated chitosan nanoparticles loaded with legumain DNA vaccine: effect against breast cancer in mice. PLoS One 8(4):e60190. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060190
Liu H, Wang C, Li C et al (2018) A functional chitosan-based hydrogel as a wound dressing and drug delivery system in the treatment of wound healing. RSC Adv 8:7533–7549. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA13510F
Lustriane C, Dwivany FM, Suendo V, Reza M (2018) Effect of chitosan and chitosan-nanoparticles on post harvest quality of banana fruits. Plant Biotechnol J 45(1):36–44. https://doi.org/. https://doi.org/10.5010/JPB.2018.45.1.036
MacLaughlin FC, Mumper RJ, Wang J et al (1998) Chitosan and depolymerized chitosan oligomers as condensing carriers for in vivo plasmid delivery. J Control Release 56:259–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-3659(98)00097-2
Madhumathi K, Kumar PS, Abhilash S, Sreeja V et al (2010) Development of novel chitin/nanosilver composite scaffolds for wound dressing applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med 21:807–813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-009-3877-z
Madihally SV, Matthew HW (1999) Porous chitosan scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 20(12):1133–1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(99)00011-3
Maitra A, Ghosh PK, De Tapas K (1997) Process for the preparation of highly monodispersed polymeric hydrophilic nanoparticles. https://patents.google.com/patent/US5874111A/en113
Manchanda R, Nimesh S (2010) Controlled size chitosan nanoparticles as an efficient, biocompatible oligonucleotides delivery system. J Appl Polym Sci 118(4):2071–2077. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.32508
Manni L, Ghorbel-bellaaj O, Jellouli K et al (2010) Extraction and characterization of chitin, chitosan, and protein hydrolysates prepared from shrimp waste by treatment with crude protease from Bacillus cereus SV 1. Appl Biochem 162(2):345–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-009-8846-y
Matica MA, Aachmann FL, Tøndervik A et al (2019) Chitosan as a wound dressing starting material: Antimicrobial properties and mode of action. Int J Mol Sci 20(23):5889. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235889
Mi FL, Shyu SS, Wu YB, Lee ST et al (2001) Fabrication and characterization of a sponge-like asymmetric chitosan membrane as a wound dressing. Biomaterials 22:165–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00167-8
Mohammed MA, Syeda JTM, Wasan KM, Wasan EK (2017) An overview of chitosan nanoparticles and its applications in non-parenteral drug delivery. Pharmaceutics 9:53. https:/doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics9040053
Mohebbi S, Nezhad MN, Zarrintaj P et al (2019) Chitosan in biomedical engineering: a critical review. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 14:93–116. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574888X13666180912142028
Mori M, Rossi S, Ferrari F et al (2016) Sponge-like dressings based on the association of chitosan and sericin for the treatment of chronic skin ulcers. I. Design of experiments–assisted development. J Pharm Sci 105:1180–1187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.047
Mudalige T, Qu H, Van Haute D (2019) Characterization of nanomaterials: tools and challenges. Nanomaterials Food App 2019:313–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814130-4.00011-7
Muzzarelli RAA (1996) Chitosan-based dietary foods. Carbohydr Polym 29:309–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(96)00033-1
Naqvi S, Mohiyuddin S, Gopinath P (2017) Niclosamide loaded biodegradable chitosan nanocargoes: an in vitro study for potential application in cancer therapy. R Soc Open Sci 4(11):170611. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170611
Niwa T, Takeuchi H, Hino T (1993) Preparations of biodegradable nanospheres of water-soluble and insoluble drugs with D, L-lactide/glycolide copolymer by a novel spontaneous emulsification solvent diffusion method and the drug release behavior. J Control Release 25(1–2):89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-3659(93)90097-O
No HK, Young Park N, Ho Lee S, Meyers SP (2002) Antibacterial activity of chitosans and chitosan oligomers with different molecular weights. Int J Food Microbiol 74:65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00717-6
No HK, Kim SH, Lee SH et al (2006) Stability and antibacterial activity of chitosan solutions affected by storage temperature and time. Carbohydr Polym 65:174–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.12.036
Oliveira C, Neves NM, Reis RL et al (2018) Gemcitabine delivered by fucoidan/chitosan nanoparticles presents increased toxicity over human breast cancer cells. Nanomedicine 13(16):2037–2050. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2018-0004
Onsosyen E, Skaugrud O (1990) Metal recovery using chitosan. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 49:395–404. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.280490410
Othman N, Masarudin MJ, Kuen CY et al (2018) Synthesis and optimization of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with L-ascorbic acid and thymoquinone. Nanomaterials 8(11):920. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8110920
Pandya AD, Øverbye A, Sahariah P et al (2020) Drug-loaded photosensitizer-chitosan nanoparticles for combinatorial chemo-and photodynamic-therapy of cancer. Biomacromolecules 21(4):1489–1498. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00061
Patrick GL (2003) An introduction to medicinal chemistry. Oxford University Press, New York, NY
Pavinatto FJ, Caseli L, Oliveira ON Jr (2010) Chitosan in nanostructured thin films. Biomacromolecules 11(8):1897–1908. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm1004838
Pawar D, Jaganathan KS (2014) Mucoadhesive glycol chitosan nanoparticles for intranasal delivery of hepatitis B vaccine: enhancement of mucosal and systemic immune response. Drug Deliv 23:1–11. https://doi.org/10.3109/10717544.2014.908427
Pena A, Sánchez NS, Calahorra M (2013) Effects of chitosan on Candida albicans: conditions for its antifungal activity. Biomed Res Int 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/527549
Phan DN, Dorjjugder N, Khan MQ et al (2019) Synthesis and attachment of silver and copper nanoparticles on cellulose nanofibers and comparative antibacterial study. Cellul 26(11):6629–6640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02542-6
Pillai CKS, Paul W, Sharma CP (2009) Chitin and chitosan polymers: chemistry, solubility and fiber formation. Prog Polym Sci 34(7):641–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.04.001
Pramanik AK, Palanimuthu D, Somasundaram K, Samuelson AG (2016) Biotin decorated gold nanoparticles for targeted delivery of a smart-linked anticancer active copper complex: in vitro and in vivo studies. Bioconjug Chem 27(12):2874–2885. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00537
Prasad R, Pandey R, Barman I (2016) Engineering tailored nanoparticles with microbes: quo vadis. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 8:316–330. https://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1363
Prasad R, Pandey R, Varma A, Barman I (2017) Polymer based nanoparticles for drug delivery systems and cancer therapeutics. In: Kharkwal H, Janaswamy S (eds) Natural polymers for drug delivery. CAB International, London, pp 53–70
Qi L, Xu Z (2004) Lead sorption from aqueous solutions on chitosan nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem 251(1–3):183–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.10.010
Raafat D, Von Bargen K, Haas A, Sahl HG (2008) Insights into the mode of action of chitosan as an antibacterial compound. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:3764–3773. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00453-08
Rabea EI, Badawy MET, Stevens CV et al (2003) Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: applications and mode of action. Biomacromolecules 4:1457–1465. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm034130m
Rahimi M, Ahmadi R, Samadi Kafil H, Shafiei-Irannejad V (2019) A novel bioactive quaternized chitosan and its silver-containing nanocomposites as a potent antimicrobial wound dressing: structural and biological properties. Mater Sci Eng C 101:360–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.092
Rampino A, Borgogna M, Blasi P et al (2013) Chitosan nanoparticles: preparation, size evolution and stability. Int J Pharm 455(1–2):219–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.034
Rashedi J, Haghjo AG, Abbasi MM et al (2019) Anti-tumor effect of quercetin loaded chitosan nanoparticles on induced colon cancer in Wistar rats. Adv Pharm Bull 9(3):409. https://doi.org/10.15171/apb.2019.048
Regiel-Futyra A, Liskiewicz M, Sebastian V et al (2015) Development of non cytotoxic chitosan-gold nanocomposites as efficient antibacterial materials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(2):1089–1099. https://doi.org/10.1021/am508094e
Saharan V, Mehrotra A, Khatik R et al (2013) Synthesis of chitosan based nanoparticles and their in vitro evaluation against phytopathogenic fungi. Int J Biol Macromol 62:677–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.10.012
Saharan V, Sharma G, Yadav M et al (2015) Synthesis and in vitro antifungal efficacy of Cu-chitosan nanoparticles against pathogenic fungi of tomato. Int J Biol Macromol 75:346–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.027
Sailaja AK, Amareshwar P, Chakravati P (2011) Different techniques used for the preparation of nanoparticles using, natural polymers and their application. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 3:975–149
Sarkar K, Debnath M, Kundu PP (2013) Preparation of low toxic fluorescent chitosan-graft-polyethyleneimine copolymer for gene carrier. Carbohydr Polym 92(2):2048–2057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.067
Senapati S, Mahanta AK, Kumar S, Maiti P (2018) Controlled drug delivery vehicles for cancer treatment and their performance. Signal Transduct Target Ther 3:7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-017-0004-3
Simões D, Miguel SP, Ribeiro MP, Coutinho P et al (2018) Recent advances on antimicrobial wound dressing: a review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 127:130–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.02.022
Soares RM, Rosangela MDA, Alviano DS et al (2000) Identification of sialic acids on the cell surface of Candida albicans. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects 1474(2):262–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4165(00)00003-9
Sudarshan N, Hoover D, Knorr D (1992) Antibacterial action of chitosan. Food Biotechnol 6:257–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/08905439209549838
Takahashi T, Takayama K, Machida Y, Nagai T (1990) Characteristics of polyion complexes of chitosan with sodium alginate and sodium polyacrylate. Int J Pharm 61(1–2):35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(90)90041-2
Takahashi T, Imai M, Suzuki I, Sawai J (2008) Growth inhibitory effect on bacteria of chitosan membranes regulated with deacetylation degree. Biochem Eng J 40:485–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2008.02.009
Tan Tang H, Hu J, Hu Y et al (2011) Controlled release of chitosan/heparin nanoparticle-delivered VEGF enhances regeneration of decellularized tissue-engineered scaffolds. Int J Nanomedicine 6:929. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S18753
Tao W, Ziemer KS, Gill HS (2013) Gold nanoparticle-M2e conjugate coformulated with CpG induces protective immunity against influenza a virus. Nanomedicine 9:237–251. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm.13.58
Teare J, Spedding C, Whitehead M et al (1995) Omeprazole and dry mouth. Scand J Gastroenterol 30:216–218. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365529509093266
Tıglı Aydın RS, Pulat M (2012) 5-Fluorouracil encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles for pH-stimulated drug delivery: evaluation of controlled release kinetics. J Nanomaterials 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/313961
Tiyaboonchai W (2003) Chitosan nanoparticles: a promising system for drug delivery. Naresuan University Journal: Science and Technology (NUJST) 11(3):51–66
Torrieridramard L, Lambrecht B, Ferreira HL et al (2011) Intranasal DNA vaccination induces potent mucosal and systemic immune responses and cross-protective immunity against influenza viruses. Mol Ther 19:602–611. https://doi.org/10.1038/mt.2010.222
Travan A, Pelillo C, Donati I et al (2009) Non-cytotoxic silver nanoparticle-polysaccharide nanocomposites with antimicrobial activity. Biomacromolecules 10:1429–1435. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm900039x
Tronchin G, Pihet M, Lopes-Bezerra LM et al (2008) Adherence mechanisms in human pathogenic fungi. Med Mycol 46:749–772. https://doi.org/10.1080/13693780802206435
Tsai GJ, Su WH (1999) Antibacterial activity of shrimp chitosan against Escherichia coli. J Food Prot 62(3):239–243. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-62.3.239
Tsigos I, Martinou A, Kafetzopoulos D, Bouriotis V (2000) Chitin deacetylases: new, versatile tools in biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol 18(7):305–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7799(00)01462-1
Varma A, Deshpande S, Kennedy J (2004) Metal complexation by chitosan and its derivatives: a review. Carbohydr Polym 55:77–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2003.08.005
Varshosaz J, Farzan M (2015) Nanoparticles for targeted delivery of therapeutics and small interfering RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 21(42):12022–12041. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i42.12022
Venkatesan J, Kim SK (2010) Chitosan composites for bone tissue engineering-an overview. Mar Drugs 8(8):2252–2266. https://doi.org/10.3390/md8082252
Venu K, Mondal S, Mondal P (2018) Cytotoxic activity of ketorolac-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in SCC-29 cell lines. Egypt Pharmaceut J 17(1):53. https://doi.org/10.4103/epj.epj_1_18
Venugopal V (2008) Marine products for healthcare: functional and bioactive nutraceutical compounds from the ocean. CRC Press, Taylor and Fransis Group, Boca Raton, FL, pp 185–508
Wichai S, Chuysinuan P, Chaiarwut S et al (2019) Development of bacterial cellulose/ alginate/chitosan composites incorporating copper (II) sulfate as an antibacterial wound dressing. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 51:662–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2019.03.043
Woo CH, Choi YC, Choi JS et al (2015) A bilayer composite composed of TiO2-incorporated electrospun chitosan membrane and human extracellular matrix sheet as a wound dressing. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 26:841–854. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2015.1061349
Xiang SD, Scholzen A, Minigo G et al (2006) Pathogen recognition and development of particulate vaccines: does size matter? Methods 40(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.05.016
Yan N, Chen X (2015) Sustainability: don’t waste seafood waste. Nature 524(7564):155–157. https://doi.org/10.1038/524155a
Yang L, Lu W, Pang Y, Huang X et al (2016) Fabrication of a novel chitosan scaffold with asymmetric structure for guided tissue regeneration. RSC Adv 6:71567–71573. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA12370H
Younes I, Sellimi S, Rinaudo M et al (2014) Influence of acetylation degree and molecular weight of homogeneous chitosans on antibacterial and antifungal activities. Int J Food Microbiol 185:57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.04.029
Yuan G, Lv H, Tang W et al (2016) Effect of chitosan coating combined with pomegranate peel extract on the quality of Pacific white shrimp during iced storage. Food Control 59:818–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.07.011
Zewde B, Ambaye A, Stubbs J III, Dharmara R (2016) A review of stabilized silver nanoparticles-synthesis, biological properties, characterization, and potential areas of applications. JSM Nanotechnol Nanomed 4:1–14
Zhang Y, Zhang M (2002) Three-dimensional macroporous calcium phosphate bioceramics with nested chitosan sponges for load-bearing bone implants. J Biomed Mater Res 61:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.10176
Zhang D, Zhou W, Wei B et al (2015) Carboxyl-modified poly (vinyl alcohol)- crosslinked chitosan hydrogel films for potential wound dressing. Carbohydr Polym 125:189–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.02.034
Zhang J, Wang Y, Li J et al (2020) α-Santalol functionalized chitosan nanoparticles as efficient inhibitors of polo-like kinase in triple negative breast cancer. RSC Adv 10(9):5487–5501. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA09084C
Zhao X, Li H, Lee RJ (2008) Targeted drug delivery via folate receptors. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 5(3):309–319. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425247.5.3.309
Zhao K, Li S, Li W et al (2017) Quaternized chitosan nanoparticles loaded with the combined attenuated live vaccine against newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis elicit immune response in chicken after intranasal administration. Drug Deliv 24:1574–1586. https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2017.1388450
Acknowledgments
We are thankful to the Department of Genetics and Genomics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India for providing us the literature access.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mesa, A., Mythatha, G.S.S., Lodi, R.S., Ravuri, S., Balli, R. (2021). Chitosan Nanoparticles: An Overview on Preparation, Characterization and Biomedical Applications. In: Maddela, N.R., Chakraborty, S., Prasad, R. (eds) Nanotechnology for Advances in Medical Microbiology. Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9916-3_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9916-3_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-9915-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-9916-3
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)