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Mycobiome Dysbiosis in Oral Lichen Planus

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Atlas of Oral Microbiology: From Healthy Microflora to Disease

Abstract

The biodiversity of the mycobiome, an important component of the oral microbial community, and the roles of fungal-bacterial and fungal-immune system interactions in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP) remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, we sequenced the salivary mycobiome and bacteriome (Wang et al Sci Rep 6:22943, 2016) associated with OLP. First, we described the dysbiosis of the microbiome in OLP patients, which exhibits lower levels of fungi and higher levels of bacteria. Significantly higher abundances of the fungi Candida and Aspergillus in patients with reticular OLP and of Alternaria and Sclerotiniaceae_unidentified in patients with erosive OLP were observed compared to the healthy controls. Aspergillus was identified as an “OLP-associated” fungus because of its detection at a higher frequency than in the healthy controls. Second, the co-occurrence patterns of the salivary mycobiome-bacteriome demonstrated negative associations between specific fungal and bacterial taxa identified in the healthy controls, which diminished in the reticular OLP group and even became positive in the erosive OLP group. Moreover, the oral cavities of OLP patients were colonized by dysbiotic oral flora with lower ecological network complexity and decreased fungal Firmicutes and increased fungal Bacteroidetes sub-networks. Third, several keystone fungal genera (Bovista, Erysiphe, Psathyrella, etc.) demonstrated significant correlations with clinical scores and IL-17 levels. Thus, we established that fungal dysbiosis is associated with the aggravation of OLP. Fungal dysbiosis could alter the salivary bacteriome or may reflect a direct effect of host immunity, which participates in OLP pathogenesis.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1102700), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 81771085, 81430011, 81600858, and 81600874), and the Key Projects of Sichuan Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission (Grant No.16ZD021). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The content of this chapter was modified from a paper reported by our group in Int J Oral Sci (Li Y et al. 2019). The related contents are reused with permission.

Conflicts of Interest

All of the authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Author Contributions

Conception and design of the experiments: Y.L., L. X., and X.Z.. Conducted the experiments: Y.L., B. Z., C.L., K.W., X. S., and J.V.N. Data processing and analysis: Q.T., Y.L., K.W., B.R., and J. H. Volunteer recruitment and sample collection: X. S., B. Z. B. C., and L. X. Manuscript writing: Y.L., K.W. B. Z., and C.L. Revision of the manuscript: Q.T., L.X., J.V.N., J.Z., W. S., and X.Z.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Yan Li, Kun Wang, Bo Zhang, Yufei Yao, Bomiao Cui, Biao Ren, Jinzhi He, Xin Shen, Liying Xiao & Xuedong Zhou

  2. Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China

    Qichao Tu

  3. Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA

    Qichao Tu, Joy D. VanNostrand & Jizhong Zhou

  4. The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Wenyuan Shi

  5. Department of Anatomy, West China School of Basic Medical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Changqing Lu

  6. Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Xuedong Zhou

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  1. Yan Li
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xuedong Zhou .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

    Xuedong Zhou

  2. State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

    Yuqing Li

9.1 Supplementary Electronic Material(s)

Fig. S1

Fungal structure comparison by PCOA among healthy controls, reticular OLP, and erosive OLP. PCoA plot based on Bray-Curtis distances indicated no obvious separation. H healthy subjects, R reticular OLP, E erosive OLP (PDF 174 kb)

Fig. S2

The core mycobiota of saliva samples among healthy controls, reticular OLP, and erosive OLP. The model included the genera (above 1% of relative abundance) and OTUs (above 0.3% of relative abundance) in healthy controls (green), reticular OLP (blue), and erosive OLP (red), which were found in at least 50% of subjects. (a) genus level; (b) OTU level (PDF 183 kb)

Fig. S3

Network inferences for the complex fungal-bacterial relationships in OLP and healthy subjects. Each node represents an OTU colored by the phylum-level phylotypes, and each edge represents a significant pairwise association. Nine bacterial phylum and 2 fungal (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota) were included. H healthy subjects, R reticular OLP, E erosive OLP (PDF 295 kb)

Table S1

Summary of mycobiome-bacteriome sequencing data among healthy and OLP patients (DOCX 23 kb)

Table S2

Significant correlations between Candida and bacterial genera (DOCX 24 kb)

Table S3

Topological properties of co-occurrence networks of fungal communities in healthy subjects (H), reticular OLP (R), and erosive OLP (E) (DOCX 21 kb)

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Li, Y. et al. (2020). Mycobiome Dysbiosis in Oral Lichen Planus. In: Zhou, X., Li, Y. (eds) Atlas of Oral Microbiology: From Healthy Microflora to Disease. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7899-1_9

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