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Water Resource and Use Efficiency Under Changing Climate

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Resources Use Efficiency in Agriculture

Abstract

Presently, groundwater contributes 60% of total irrigation, and due to overdrafting of groundwater, it has reached the level of water crisis in many states of India. Climate change (CC) also poses many threats, especially in terms of quality, quantity, and sustainable use of water resources, which require judicious use of water management technologies to improve agricultural water productivity. There is need to harvest each drop of water and use efficiently and effectively in CC. Thus, the scope of improving water use efficiency (WUE) and enhancing water productivity in agriculture under the present CC scenario has taken to be the priority area of interest. Therefore, there is a need to improve either the irrigation method or inculcation of multi-sensor-based technology, which makes the irrigation system automated, or interventions of agronomical measures in fields. Considering this, Government of India has also taken initiative by launching PMKSY (Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana) to fulfil the dream of “More crop per drop” to familiarize modern irrigation methods and “Har Khet Ko Pani” by promoting on-farm development, integrated farming as well as integrated approaches in watershed management in farmers’ fields. Apart from it, recent advances in sensor technologies and the Internet of things (IoT) have made automated irrigation scheduling, which helps in real-time monitoring of soil moisture. But there is need to conduct more research to develop a low-cost automated irrigation system for wide acceptability by small and marginal farmers that will help fulfil the dream of “More crop per drop.” The “More crop per drop” paradigm provides the pathway to solve many problems related to water management by improving overall agricultural water productivity. By considering the facts, this chapter aims to describe the current scenario of CC as well as its uncertainty in irrigation water availability. It also takes a critical look at the present status and issues of irrigation methods. Lastly, this chapter discusses the technological interventions, including both engineering and agronomical measures to address the challenges of irrigation water management and to enhance WUE.

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Abbreviations

BCM:

Billion cubic meters

CC:

Climate change

CGWB:

Central Ground Water Board

CO2:

Carbon dioxide

CWC:

Central Water Commission

DSR:

Direct seeded rice

DSS:

Decision support system

FDR:

Frequency domain reflectometry

FIRB:

Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed

FYM:

Farmyard manure

GCM:

Global climate model

GDP:

Gross domestic production

GHGs:

Greenhouse gases

IoT:

Internet of things

IPCC:

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

ISMR:

Indian summer monsoon rainfall

IWR:

Irrigation water requirement

kg ha−1 mm−1:

Kilogram per hectare per millimeter

kg m−3:

Kilogram per cubic meter

kg mL−1:

Kilogram per milliliter

LDPE:

Low-density polyethylene

LPA:

Long-period average

LVDT:

Linear variable differential transducer

M ha:

Million hectares

m3:

Cubic meter

mm:

Millimeter

OECD:

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

PCC:

Plain cement concrete

PIB:

Press information bureau

PMA:

Phenyl mercuric acetate

PMKSY:

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana

SRI:

System of rice intensification

SST:

Sea surface temperature

TDR:

Time domain reflectometry

WAE:

Water application efficiency

WCE:

Water conveyance efficiency

WUE:

Water use efficiency

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India

    Abhilash

  2. Division of Soil Physics, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

    Alka Rani

  3. Division of Land and Water Management, ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India

    Arti Kumari

  4. Division of Crop Production, ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, Uttarakhand, India

    Jitendra Kumar

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  1. Abhilash
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  2. Alka Rani
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  3. Arti Kumari
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  4. Jitendra Kumar
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Crop Production, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulse Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Sandeep Kumar

  2. Department of Agronomy, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ram Swaroop Meena

  3. Department of Farm Forestry, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India

    Manoj Kumar Jhariya

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Abhilash, Rani, A., Kumari, A., Kumar, J. (2020). Water Resource and Use Efficiency Under Changing Climate. In: Kumar, S., Meena, R.S., Jhariya, M.K. (eds) Resources Use Efficiency in Agriculture. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6953-1_15

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