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Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Derived Exosomes and Regenerative Medicine

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Role of Exosomes in Biological Communication Systems

Abstract

Stem cells were recently proposed as the magical therapy for most of the diseases. This magical power is attributed to its dual regenerative potential as it can act locally and remotely as well. A deeper understanding of stem cells’ mechanism of action revealed that stem cells can act remotely through elaborating small particles containing specific codes/messengers for regeneration called exosomes. Exosomes derived from stem cells have been demonstrated to enhance proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis due to its unique content of bioactive proteins, lipids, growth factors, cytokines, and a large variety of nucleic acid. More recently, using exosome as a drug delivery device targeting specific factors that are required for regeneration can be engineered by genetically modifying the parent stem cells. Herein, we throw light on exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells, their biogenesis, characteristics, its content, and how this can correlate to its potential therapeutic effect in tissue regeneration. Recently, the exosomes market became one of the fast-growing therapeutic markets and a lot of attempts are ongoing to develop and optimize off-the-shelf exosomes. Thus, we have also highlighted the different factors that influence the quality of isolated exosomes, as this will be critical in clinical applications.

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Abbreviations

ADSCs:

Adipose-derived stem cells

Ago:

Argonaute

BMP:

Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate

BMP-2:

Bone morphogenic protein 2

BMSCs:

Bone marrow–derived stem cells

Col:

Collagen

DPSCs:

Dental pulp stem cells

EMMPRIN:

Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer

ESCRT:

Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

HDAC6:

Histone deacetylase 6

hEnMSCs:

Human endometrial MSCs

HES-1:

Hairy and enhancer of split 1

HGF:

Hepatocyte growth-factor

HMGB1:

High-mobility group box 1 protein

HUVECs:

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells

IL:

Interleukin

ILVs:

Intraluminal vesicles

IVDD:

Intervertebral disc degeneration

MMPs:

Matrix metalloproteinases

MSCs:

Mesenchymal stem cells

MVBs:

Multivesicular bodies

NPC:

Neural progenitor cells

NSCs:

Neural stem cells

NTA:

Nanoparticle tracking analysis

OA:

Osteoarthritis

OPN :

Osteopontin

RUNX-2 :

Runt-related transcription factor 2

SCE:

Stem cell–derived exosome

TCF-4:

T-cell factor 4

TEIR:

Total Exosome Isolation Reagent

TRAIL:

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

TSG-6:

TNF-α-stimulated gene 6

UC-MSCs:

Umbilical cord stem cells

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.

Disclosure of interests: All authors declare they have no conflict of interest.

This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.

This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

    Hoda Elkhenany

  2. Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry Lab, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (NICPR), Noida, India

    Shilpi Gupta

  3. Stem Cell and Cancer Research Lab, Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Shilpi Gupta

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  1. Hoda Elkhenany
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  2. Shilpi Gupta
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Correspondence to Hoda Elkhenany .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, ESC Research Unit, Faculty of Science King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Faisal A. Alzahrani

  2. Department of Animal Production, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Islam M. Saadeldin

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Elkhenany, H., Gupta, S. (2021). Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Derived Exosomes and Regenerative Medicine. In: Alzahrani, F.A., Saadeldin, I.M. (eds) Role of Exosomes in Biological Communication Systems. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6599-1_6

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