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Cancer Stem Cells as a Seed for Cancer Metastasis

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Cancer Stem Cells: New Horizons in Cancer Therapies

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Abstract

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Recent report from the World Health Organization suggested that, globally, one in six deaths is owing to cancer. In 2018, it was accountable for nearly 9.6 million deaths, and it is expected to be 14.6 million by the year 2035. The worldwide burden of cancer increase is due to aging and growth of population. In addition, cancer-associated lifestyle choices like smoking, sedentary habits and westernized diets increases the risk. Metastasis is complex and multistep process that results in the spread of cancerous cells from the primary site of the tumor to the surrounding tissues and to distant organs. Metastatic cancer is the primary cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. Several studies suggest that tumor has heterogeneous cell population and have numerically less cancer stem cell (CSC) population with self-renewal characteristics. CSCs are shown to drive tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, recurrence, and resistance. In addition, acquisition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, expression of aberrant RNA-binding proteins, dysregulated microRNA expression, and increase in intercellular transfer of molecules via exosome cargo have been correlated with tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, poor survival, and an increased risk of cancer recurrence. Given the tumor initiating capacity, resistance, migratory potential and invasiveness, CSCs are the seeds of metastasis. This review article attempts to provide the details of the critical importance of CSCs on metastatic process and to offer a basis for the investigation of novel targets to curtail this deadly disease.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the SRM Institute of Science and Technology for funding and providing the laboratory facility. We would also like to thank Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB)-EMR/2017/002874, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-2019-5526/CMB/BMS and Department of Biotechnology (DBT)-BT/PR26189/GET/119/226/2017 for the funding support provided.

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  1. Both first and second authors have equally contributed to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio-Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India

    L. Lizha Mary

  2. Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bio-Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India

    M. Vasantha Kumar & R. Satish

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  1. L. Lizha Mary
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  2. M. Vasantha Kumar
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  1. Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    Surajit Pathak

  2. Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    Antara Banerjee

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Lizha Mary, L., Vasantha Kumar, M., Satish, R. (2020). Cancer Stem Cells as a Seed for Cancer Metastasis. In: Pathak, S., Banerjee, A. (eds) Cancer Stem Cells: New Horizons in Cancer Therapies. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5120-8_12

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