Abstract
The Bohai and Yellow Seas (BYSs) are the marginal seas in the Northwestern Pacific region. Consistent with the general trend of global warming, the BYSs are also changing rapidly which include the change of sea surface temperature (SST), water masses and sea level etc. These parameters are very sensitive to the global warming due to the shallow water depth of the BYSs. The SST in the BYSs shows an increasing trend of 0.8 to 2 °C per century, nearly twice of the globally averaged rate. Similarly, the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM), which is one of the most prominent hydrologic features in the YS, also shows a clear warming trend in its northern part. Previous studies also found that the coastal sea level in the BYSs is increasing rapidly with the rising rate higher than the global average. Besides these long-term varying trend, there also exist strong interannual variations which sometimes can be regarded as responses to the large-scale climatic variations affecting the East Asian monsoon, such as the Arctic Oscillation (AO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Artificial coastline changing also induced the storm surge abnormal variation especially in the BS.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Chang L, Qian A, Yi S, Xu C, Sun W (2017) Sea level change in China adjacent seas studied using satellite altimeter, satellite gravity, and thermohaline data. J Univ Chin Acad Sci 34(3):371–379 (in Chinese with English abstract)
China’s State Oceanic Administration (2008) China sea level bulletin. China’s State Oceanic Administration, Beijing
China’s State Oceanic Administration (2017) China sea level bulletin. China’s State Oceanic Administration, Beijing
Ding Y, Wei H (2016) Modeling the impact of land reclamation on storm surges in Bohai Sea, China. Nat Hazards 85:559–573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2586-4
Fang G, Chen Z, Zheng W et al. (1986) Analysis and prediction of tides and tidal current. China Ocean Press, Beijing, pp 474 (in Chinese)
Fang GH, Wang K, Guo FY, Wei ZX, Fan WJ, Zhang DS, Bi JH (2002) Long-term changes and interrelations of annual variations of the hydrographical and meteorological parameters of the Bohai Sea during recent 30 years. Oceanol Limnol Sin 33(5):515–525 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Feng X, Tsimplis MN (2014) Sea level extremes at the coasts of China. J Geophys Res-Oceans 119:1593–1608. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009607
Feng W, Zhong M, Xu Z (2012) Sea level variations in the South China Sea inferred from satellite gravity, altimetry, and oceanographic data. Sci China-Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-01204394-3 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Feng J, Jiang W, Bian C (2014) Numerical prediction of storm surge in the Qingdao area under the impact of climate change. J Ocean U China 13(4):539–551
Feng X, Tsimplis MN, Woodworth PL (2015) Nodal variations and long-term changes in the main tides on the coasts of China. J Geophys Res-Oceans 120:1215–1232
Feng J, Li D, Li Y, Liu Q, Wang A (2018a) Storm surge variation along the coast of the Bohai Sea. Sci Rep 8:11309. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29712-z
Feng J, Li D, Wang H, Liu Q, Zhang J, Li Y, Liu K (2018b) Analysis on the extreme sea levels changes along the coastline of Bohai Sea, China. Atmosphere 9:324. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9080324
Guan B (1963) A preliminary study of the variation of the temperature and the characteristics of the circulation of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass. Oceanol et Limnol Sin 5(4):255–284
Guo J, Wang J, Hu Z, Hwang C, Chen C, Gao Y (2015) Temporal-spatial variations of sea level over China seas derived from altimeter data of TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1 and Jason-2 from 1993 to 2012. Chin J Geophys-Chin Ed 58(9):3103–3120. https://doi.org/10.6038/cjg20150908 (in Chinese with English abstract)
He XM, Zhang YK (1990) Distribution and interannual variation of water temperature in spring, summer and autumn in central and southern Bohai Sea. Mar Forecasts 7(3):44–50 (in Chinese with English abstract)
He C, Wang Y, Lei Z, Xu S (1959) Preliminary study of the formation of Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass and its property. Oceanol et Limnol Sin 2(1):11–15 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Hu DX, Wang QY (2004) Interannual variability of the southern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass. Chin J Oceanol Limnol 22(3):231–236
Jia RL, Su J, Hu XM, CAO Yong (2008) Structure of temperature and salinity and its variation along B1 section during summer. J Ocean U China 38(5):705–711 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Jiang BJ, Bao XW, Wu DX, Xu JP (2007) Interannual variations of temperature and salinity of northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass and its possible cause. Acta Oceanol Sin 29(4):1–10 (in Chinese with English Abstract)
Jiang WF, Yu LL, Yu QX, Jiang Y, Jiao Y (2018) Spatio-temporal analysis of the sea surface temperature in the Bohai and Yellow Seas under the background of climate change. J Guangxi Acad Sci 34(3):216–221 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Kim YS, Jang CJ, Yeh SW (2018) Recent surface cooling in the Yellow and East China Seas and the associated North Pacific climate regime shift. Cont Shelf Res 156:43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2018.01.009
Lau KM, Weng H (1999) Interannual, decadal–interdecadal, and global warming signals in sea surface temperature during 1955–97. J Clim 12(5):1257–1267
Lee YC, Qin Y, Liu R (1998) Yellow Sea Atlas. HoKong Publishing Co, Seoul, Korea
Li XW, Wang XD, Chu P, Zhao DL (2015a) Low-frequency variability of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass identified from the China Coastal Waters and adjacent sea reanalysis. Adv Meteorol. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/269859
Li A, Yu F, Diao XY, Si GC (2015b) Interannual variability of temperature of the northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass. Acta Oceanol Sin 37(1):30–42
Li JC, Li GX, Xu JS, Dong P, Qiao LL, Liu SD, Sun PK, Fan ZS (2016) Seasonal evolution of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass and its interactions with ambient hydrodynamic system. J Geophys Res-Oceans 121(9):6779–6792. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012186
Li B, Zhao L, Wei S (2018) Inter-annual variations of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the Bohai Sea and the North Yellow Sea (accepted). https://doi.org/10.13364/j.issn.1672-6510. 20170342
Lin CL, Su JL, Xu BR, Tang QS (2001) Long-term variations of temperature and salinity of the Bohai Sea and their influence on its ecosystem. Prog Oceanogr 49(1–4):7–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(01)00013-1
Lin XP, Xie SP, Chen XP, Xu LL (2006) A well‐mixed warm water column in the central Bohai Sea in summer: effects of tidal and surface wave mixing. J Geophys Res—Oceans 111(C11). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003504
Liu X, Liu Y, Guo L, Gu Y, Liu Y, Ma Y (2009) Mean sea level change in East China Sea and its response to ENSO. Mar Sci Bull 28(05):34–42 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu KX, Wang H, Fu SJ, Gao ZG, Dong JX, Feng JL, Gao T (2017) Evaluation of sea level rise in Bohai Bay and associated response. Adv Climate Change Res 8:48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2017.03.006
Luo XF, Wei H, Yuan CY (2012) Inter-annual and decadal variations of sea surface temperature in the Yellow Sea by satellite data. Periodical Ocean Univ China 42(10):19–25 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Ma XD, Zhang GY, Yuan DK, Li YY (2016) Analysis of the characteristics of storm surges in Tianjin coastal area. Adv Mar Sci 34(4):516–522 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Pan Y, Yue JP, Song YH, Peng GY, Zhang P (2017) Initial research on sea level change in the South China Sea from 1993 to 2015. Geospatial Inf 15(10):9–13 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Park S, Chu PC, Lee JH (2011) Interannual-to-interdecadal variability of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass in 1967–2008: characteristics and seasonal forcings. J Mar Syst 87(3–4):177–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.03.012
Park KA, Lee EY, Chang E, Hong SV (2015) Spatial and temporal variability of sea surface temperature and warming trends in the Yellow Sea. J Mar Syst 143:24–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.10.013
Pelling HE, Uehara K, Green JAM (2013) The impact of rapid coastline changes and sea level rise on the tides in the Bohai Sea, China. J Geophys Res—Oceans 118(7):3462–3472. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20258
Qiao X, Chen G (2008) A preliminary analysis on the China Sea level using 11 years’TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data. Mar Sci 01:60–64 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Qiu DL, Zhou SL, Li CM (1989) Application of cluster analysis method in determining water mass of the Huanghai Sea. Acta Oceanol Sin 6(3):281–292 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Ren HJ, Zhan JM (2005) A numerical study on the seasonal variability of the yellow sea cold water mass and the related dynamics. J Hydrodyn 20(S1):887–896 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Shi Q (2013a) Climate response and spatial-temporal model of the inter-annual change of temperature and salinity in the north Yellow Sea in winter. Marin Sci Bull 32(6):633–640 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Shi Q (2013b) Climate response and spatial-temporal model on the inter-annual change of temperature-salinity in the Bohai Sea during winter. Marin Sci Bull 32(5):505–513 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Shi Q (2014) Climate response and spatial-temporal model of the inter-annual change of winter temperature-salinity in the South Yellow Sea. Mar Sci Bull 33(2):148–156 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Shi Q (2015) Climate response and spatio-temporal model on the interannual temperature-salinity changes in summer of Bohai Sea. J Appl Oceanogr 34(4):484–495 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Sun XP (2008) Regional marine in China Seas. China Ocean Press, Beijing (in Chinese with English abstract)
Uda M (1934) Hydrographical researches on the normal monthly conditions in the Japan Sea, the Yellow Sea and the Okhotsk Sea. J Imperial Fish Exp Stat 5:191–236
Wang H, Fan W, Gao Z (2012) Analysis on the sea level anomaly high in the coastal area of Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. Mar Sci Bull 31(03):255–261 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang L, Wang J, Yang J (2014) The comprehensive analysis of sea-level change in the East China Sea. Acta Oceanol Sin 36(01):28–37 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Wei H, Shi J, Lu Y, Peng Y (2010) Interannual and long-term hydrographic changes in the Yellow Sea during 1977–1998. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 57(11–12):1025–1034
Wei H, Yuan C, Lu Y, Zhang Z, Luo X (2013) Forcing mechanisms of heat content variations in the Yellow Sea. J Geophys Res-Oceans 118(9):4504–4513
Weng XC, Zhang YK, Wang CM et al (1988) The variation characteristics of the Yellow Sea cold water mass. Oceanologia Limnologia Sinica 19(4):368–379 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu D, Yuan Y, Liu Y (2003) The baroclinic circulation structure of Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass. Sci China 46(2):117–126
Yang H, Cho Y, Seo G, You SH, Seo J (2014) Interannual variation of the southern limit in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water and its causes. J Mar Syst 139:119–127
Yeh SW, Kim CH (2010) Recent warming in the Yellow/East China Sea during winter and the associated atmospheric circulation. Cont Shelf Res 30(13):1428–1434
Yuan C (2011) Forcing mechanisms of seasonal to decadal variations of oceanic temperature and circulation in the Yellow Sea. Dissertation, Ocean University of China
Zhan J, Wang Y, Cheng Y (2009) The analysis of China Sea level change. Chin J Geophys 52(07):1725–1733 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang J, Du B (2000) The trend of tidal range enlarging along the coast of the Yellow Sea of China. Mar Sci Bull 19(1):1–9 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang J, Fang M (2015) Sea level trends of China Seas from 1993 to 2012. J Ocean U China 45(01):121–126 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang SW, Wang QY, Lu Y, Cui H, Yuan YL (2008) Observation of the seasonal evolution of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass in 1996–1998. Cont Shelf Res 28(3):442–457
Zhang J, Wang H, Fan W, Li W, Gao T, Liu Q (2018) Characteristics of tide variation/change along the China coast. In: The 28th international ocean and polar engineering conference, June 2018 (accepted)
Zhao B (1985) The fronts of the Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass induced by tidal mixing. Oceanologia Limnologia Sinica 16(6):451–460 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhao B (1987) The continental shelf fronts induced by tidal mixing in the Huanghai Sea. Adv Mar Sci 5(2):16–23
Zhao P, Jiang W (2011) A numerical study of the effects of coastal geometry in the Bohai Sea on storm surges induced by cold-air outbreaks. J Ocean U China 10(1):9–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-011-1746-0
Zhao B, Cao DM, Li WF et al (2001) Tidal mixing characters and tidal fronts phenomenon in the Bohai Sea. Acta Oceanol Sin 23:113–118 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhu J, Shi J, Guo X, Gao H, Yao X (2018) Air-sea heat flux control on the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass intensity and implications for its prediction. Cont Shelf Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2017.10.006,152:14-26
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFC1404403). H.Y. Zhang thanks the support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, 41806018). W. Yang thanks the support from NSFC (41906006). J.L. Feng thanks the support from NSFC (41706020). C.C. Zhang thanks the support from NSFC (41806116).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wei, H., Zhang, H., Yang, W., Feng, J., Zhang, C. (2020). The Changing Bohai and Yellow Seas: A Physical View. In: Chen, CT., Guo, X. (eds) Changing Asia-Pacific Marginal Seas. Atmosphere, Earth, Ocean & Space. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4886-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4886-4_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-4885-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-4886-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)