Skip to main content

Autophagy and Liver Diseases

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Autophagy: Biology and Diseases

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1207))

Abstract

Autophagy plays an important role in the physiology and pathology of the liver. It is involved in the development of many liver diseases such as α-1-antitrypsin deficiency, chronic hepatitis virus infection, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and liver cancer. Autophagy has thus become a new target for the treatment of liver diseases. How to treat liver diseases by regulating autophagy has been a hot topic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdoli A, Alirezaei M, Mehrbod P et al (2018) Autophagy: The multi-purpose bridge in viral infections and host cells. Rev Med Virol 28:e1973

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ait-Goughoulte M, Kanda T, Meyer K et al (2008) Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a growth and induction of autophagy. J Virol 82:2241–2249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alavian SM, Ande SR, Coombs KM et al (2011) Virus-triggered autophagy in viral hepatitis—possible novel strategies for drug development. J Viral Hepat 18:821–830

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amaravadi RK, Yu D, Lum JJ et al (2007) Autophagy inhibition enhances therapy-induced apoptosis in a Myc-induced model of lymphoma. J Clin Invest 117:326–336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Amaravadi RK, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Yin XM et al (2011) Principles and current strategies for targeting autophagy for cancer treatment. Clin Cancer Res 17:654–666

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Amir M, Czaja MJ (2011) Autophagy in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 5:159–166

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bao L, Chandra PK, Moroz K et al (2014) Impaired autophagy response in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Mol Pathol 96:149–154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernal CA, Vazquez JA, Adibi SA (1993) Leucine metabolism during chronic ethanol consumption. Metabolism 42:1084–1086

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blaner WS, O’Byrne SM, Wongsiriroj N et al (2009) Hepatic stellate cell lipid droplets: a specialized lipid droplet for retinoid storage. Biochim Biophys Acta 1791:467–473

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blommaart EF, Krause U, Schellens JP et al (1997) The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 inhibit autophagy in isolated rat hepatocytes. Eur J Biochem 243:240–246

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bujak AL, Crane JD, Lally JS et al (2015) AMPK activation of muscle autophagy prevents fasting-induced hypoglycemia and myopathy during aging. Cell Metab 21:883–890

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cai N, Zhao X, Jing Y et al (2014) Autophagy protects against palmitate-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes. Cell Biosci 4:28

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chandra PK, Bao L, Song K et al (2014) HCV infection selectively impairs type I but not type III IFN signaling. Am J Pathol 184:214–229

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chang Y, Chen L, Liu Y et al (2011) Inhibition of autophagy may suppress the development of hepatoblastoma. FEBS J 278:4811–4823

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang Y, Yan W, He X et al (2012) miR-375 inhibits autophagy and reduces viability of hepatocellular carcinoma cells under hypoxic conditions. Gastroenterology 143:177–187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen LH, Loong CC, Su TL et al (2011) Autophagy inhibition enhances apoptosis triggered by BO-1051, an N-mustard derivative, and involves the ATM signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 81:594–605

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen C, Deng M, Sun Q et al (2014a) Lipopolysaccharide stimulates p62-dependent autophagy-like aggregate clearance in hepatocytes. Biomed Res Int 2014:267350

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen S, Dobrovolsky VN, Liu F et al (2014b) The role of autophagy in Usnic acid-induced Toxicity in Hepatic cells. Toxicol Sci

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen M, Liu Y, Varley P et al (2015) High-mobility group box 1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through miR-21-mediated matrix metalloproteinase activity. Cancer Res 75:1645–1656

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Azad MB, Gibson SB (2010) Methods for detecting autophagy and determining autophagy-induced cell death. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 88:285–295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chu AS, Perlmutter DH, Wang Y (2014) Capitalizing on the autophagic response for treatment of liver disease caused by alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and other genetic diseases. Biomed Res Int 2014:459823

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Czaja MJ (2011) Functions of autophagy in hepatic and pancreatic physiology and disease. Gastroenterology 140:1895–1908

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Debnath J (2008) Detachment-induced autophagy during anoikis and lumen formation in epithelial acini. Autophagy 4:351–353

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Degenhardt K, Mathew R, Beaudoin B et al (2006) Autophagy promotes tumor cell survival and restricts necrosis, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 10:51–64

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Di Fazio P, Matrood S (2018) Targeting autophagy in liver cancer. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 3:39

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dickens JA, Lomas DA (2011) Why has it been so difficult to prove the efficacy of alpha-1-antitrypsin replacement therapy? Insights from the study of disease pathogenesis. Drug Des Devel Ther 5:391–405

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ding WX (2014a) Drinking coffee burns hepatic fat by inducing lipophagy coupled with mitochondrial beta-oxidation. Hepatology 59:1235–1238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ding WX (2014b) Induction of autophagy, a promising approach for treating liver injury. Hepatology 59:340–343

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ding WX, Li M, Chen X et al (2010) Autophagy reduces acute ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity and steatosis in mice. Gastroenterology 139:1740–1752

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ding WX, Ni HM, Gao W et al (2007) Linking of autophagy to ubiquitin-proteasome system is important for the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell viability. Am J Pathol 171:513–524

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ding WX, Yin XM (2008) Sorting, recognition and activation of the misfolded protein degradation pathways through macroautophagy and the proteasome. Autophagy 4:141–150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ding ZB, Hui B, Shi YH et al (2011) Autophagy activation in hepatocellular carcinoma contributes to the tolerance of oxaliplatin via reactive oxygen species modulation. Clin Cancer Res 17:6229–6238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ding ZB, Shi YH, Zhou J et al (2008) Association of autophagy defect with a malignant phenotype and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 68:9167–9175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dong D, Xu L, Han X et al (2014) Effects of the total saponins from Rosa laevigata Michx fruit against acetaminophen-induced liver damage in mice via induction of autophagy and suppression of inflammation and apoptosis. Molecules 19:7189–7206

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donohue TM Jr (2009) Autophagy and ethanol-induced liver injury. World J Gastroenterol 15:1178–1185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donohue TM Jr, McVicker DL, Kharbanda KK et al (1994) Ethanol administration alters the proteolytic activity of hepatic lysosomes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18:536–541

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dreux M, Gastaminza P, Wieland SF et al (2009) The autophagy machinery is required to initiate hepatitis C virus replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:14046–14051

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Du H, Yang W, Chen L et al (2012) Role of autophagy in resistance to oxaliplatin in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 27:143–150

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edinger AL, Thompson CB (2004) Death by design: apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Curr Opin Cell Biol 16:663–669

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eid N, Ito Y, Maemura K et al (2013) Elevated autophagic sequestration of mitochondria and lipid droplets in steatotic hepatocytes of chronic ethanol-treated rats: an immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study. J Mol Histol 44:311–326

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg-Lerner A, Bialik S, Simon HU et al (2009) Life and death partners: apoptosis, autophagy and the cross-talk between them. Cell Death Differ 16:966–975

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ejaz A, Spolverato G, Kim Y et al (2014) Defining incidence and risk factors of venous thromboemolism after hepatectomy. J Gastrointest Surg 18:1116–1124

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fu MY, He YJ, Lv X et al (2014) Transforming growth factorbeta1 reduces apoptosis via autophagy activation in hepatic stellate cells. Mol Med Rep 10:1282–1288

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fucho R, Martinez L, Baulies A et al (2014) Asmase regulates autophagy and lysosomal membrane permeabilization and its inhibition prevents early stage nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Calvo M, Lisnock J, Bull HG et al (2005) The target of ezetimibe is Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:8132–8137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ge YY, Shi Q, Zheng ZY et al (2014) MicroRNA-100 promotes the autophagy of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inhibiting the expression of mTOR and IGF-1R. Oncotarget

    Google Scholar 

  • Go KL, Lee S, Zendejas I et al (2015) Mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biomed Res Int 2015:183469

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez-Rodriguez A, Mayoral R, Agra N et al (2014) Impaired autophagic flux is associated with increased endoplasmic reticulum stress during the development of NAFLD. Cell Death Dis 5:e1179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gracia-Sancho J, Guixe-Muntet S, Hide D et al (2014) Modulation of autophagy for the treatment of liver diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 23:965–977

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo JY, Chen HY, Mathew R et al (2011) Activated Ras requires autophagy to maintain oxidative metabolism and tumorigenesis. Genes Dev 25:460–470

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hao H, Zhang D, Shi J et al (2016) Sorafenib induces autophagic cell death and apoptosis in hepatic stellate cell through the JNK and Akt signaling pathways. Anticancer Drugs 27:192–203

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heaton NS, Perera R, Berger KL et al (2010) Dengue virus nonstructural protein 3 redistributes fatty acid synthase to sites of viral replication and increases cellular fatty acid synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:17345–17350

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez-Gea V, Ghiassi-Nejad Z, Rozenfeld R et al (2012) Autophagy releases lipid that promotes fibrogenesis by activated hepatic stellate cells in mice and in human tissues. Gastroenterology 142:938–946

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hidvegi T, Ewing M, Hale P et al (2010) An autophagy-enhancing drug promotes degradation of mutant alpha1-antitrypsin Z and reduces hepatic fibrosis. Science 329:229–232

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hidvegi T, Stolz DB, Alcorn JF et al (2015) Enhancing autophagy with drugs or lung-directed gene therapy reverses the pathological effects of respiratory epithelial cell proteinopathy. J Biol Chem 290:29742–29757

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hong JM, Kim SJ, Lee SM (2016) Role of necroptosis in autophagy signaling during hepatic ischemia and reperfusion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 308:1–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hou YJ, Dong LW, Tan YX et al (2011) Inhibition of active autophagy induces apoptosis and increases chemosensitivity in cholangiocarcinoma. Lab Invest 91:1146–1157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang H, Nace GW, McDonald KA et al (2014) Hepatocyte-specific high-mobility group box 1 deletion worsens the injury in liver ischemia/reperfusion: a role for intracellular high-mobility group box 1 in cellular protection. Hepatology 59:1984–1997

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hui B, Shi YH, Ding ZB et al (2012) Proteasome inhibitor interacts synergistically with autophagy inhibitor to suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 118:5560–5571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huynh H, Chow KH, Soo KC et al (2009) RAD001 (everolimus) inhibits tumour growth in xenograft models of human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 13:1371–1380

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inami Y, Waguri S, Sakamoto A et al (2011) Persistent activation of Nrf2 through p62 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J Cell Biol 193:275–284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Inokuchi-Shimizu S, Park EJ, Roh YS et al (2014) TAK1-mediated autophagy and fatty acid oxidation prevent hepatosteatosis and tumorigenesis. J Clin Invest 124:3566–3578

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen R, Piscaer I, Franssen FME et al (2019) Emphysema: looking beyond alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Expert Rev Respir Med 1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang JW, Cho HI, Lee SM (2014) Melatonin inhibits mTOR-dependent autophagy during liver ischemia/reperfusion. Cell Physiol Biochem 33:23–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaushal S, Annamali M, Blomenkamp K et al (2010) Rapamycin reduces intrahepatic alpha-1-antitrypsin mutant Z protein polymers and liver injury in a mouse model. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 235:700–709

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ke PY, Chen SS (2014) Autophagy in hepatitis C virus-host interactions: potential roles and therapeutic targets for liver-associated diseases. World J Gastroenterol 20:5773–5793

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim DG, Jung KH, Lee DG et al (2014) 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 is a novel inhibitor of autophagy and sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma to doxorubicin. Oncotarget 5:4438–4451

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JS, Nitta T, Mohuczy D et al (2008) Impaired autophagy: a mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction in anoxic rat hepatocytes. Hepatology 47:1725–1736

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim KM, Kim SG (2014) Autophagy and microRNA dysregulation in liver diseases. Arch Pharm Res

    Google Scholar 

  • Komatsu M, Waguri S, Koike M et al (2007) Homeostatic levels of p62 control cytoplasmic inclusion body formation in autophagy-deficient mice. Cell 131:1149–1163

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krenkel O, Tacke F (2017) Liver macrophages in tissue homeostasis and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 17:306–321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kruse KB, Brodsky JL, McCracken AA (2006a) Characterization of an ERAD gene as VPS30/ATG6 reveals two alternative and functionally distinct protein quality control pathways: one for soluble Z variant of human alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (A1PiZ) and another for aggregates of A1PiZ. Mol Biol Cell 17:203–212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kruse KB, Dear A, Kaltenbrun ER et al (2006b) Mutant fibrinogen cleared from the endoplasmic reticulum via endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation and autophagy: an explanation for liver disease. Am J Pathol 168:1299–308; quiz 1404-5

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwanten WJ, Martinet W, Michielsen PP et al (2014) Role of autophagy in the pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a controversial issue. World J Gastroenterol 20:7325–7338

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee S, Lee SJ, Coronata AA et al (2014) Carbon monoxide confers protection in sepsis by enhancing beclin 1-dependent autophagy and phagocytosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 20:432–442

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lee UE, Friedman SL (2011) Mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 25:195–206

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Levine B, Abrams J (2008) p53: the Janus of autophagy? Nat Cell Biol 10:637–639

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Chen JN, Zeng TT et al (2016a) CD133 + liver cancer stem cells resist interferon-gamma-induced autophagy. BMC Cancer 16:15

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Liu Y, Wang Z et al (2011) Subversion of cellular autophagy machinery by hepatitis B virus for viral envelopment. J Virol 85:6319–6333

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Pak SC, O’Reilly LP et al (2014a) Fluphenazine reduces proteotoxicity in C. Elegans and mammalian models of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. PLoS One 9:e87260

    Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Yang B, Zhou Q et al (2013) Autophagy promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell invasion through activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Carcinogenesis 34:1343–1451

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li L, Hai J, Li Z et al (2014b) Resveratrol modulates autophagy and NF-kappaB activity in a murine model for treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Food Chem Toxicol 63:166–173

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li N, Zhu Y (2019) Targeting liver cancer stem cells for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 12:1756284818821560

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li R, Guo E, Yang J et al (2017) 1,25(OH)2 D3 attenuates hepatic steatosis by inducing autophagy in mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 25:561–571

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li S, Li J, Shen C et al (2014c) tert-Butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) protects hepatocytes against lipotoxicity via inducing autophagy independently of Nrf2 activation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1841:22–33

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li S, Zhang J, Wang Z et al (2016b) MicroRNA-17 regulates autophagy to promote hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury via suppression of signal transductions and activation of transcription-3 expression. Liver Transpl 22:1697–1709

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liang XH, Jackson S, Seaman M et al (1999) Induction of autophagy and inhibition of tumorigenesis by beclin 1. Nature 402:672–676

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin CW, Lo S, Perng DS et al (2014) Complete activation of autophagic process attenuates liver injury and improves survival in septic mice. Shock 41:241–249

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin CW, Zhang H, Li M et al (2013) Pharmacological promotion of autophagy alleviates steatosis and injury in alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver conditions in mice. J Hepatol 58:993–999

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liu C, Jia Z, Zhang X et al (2012) Involvement of melatonin in autophagy-mediated mouse hepatoma H22 cell survival. Int Immunopharmacol 12:394–401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu K, Lee J, Kim JY et al (2017) Mitophagy controls the activities of tumor suppressor p53 to regulate hepatic cancer stem cells. Mol Cell 68:281–292.e5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Yan W, Tohme S et al (2015) Hypoxia induced HMGB1 and mitochondrial DNA interactions mediate tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma through Toll-like receptor 9. J Hepatol 63:114–121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liu YL, Yang PM, Shun CT et al (2010) Autophagy potentiates the anti-cancer effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma. Autophagy 6:1057–1065

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu J, He L, Behrends C et al (2014a) NRBF2 regulates autophagy and prevents liver injury by modulating Atg14L-linked phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase III activity. Nat Commun 5:3920

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu Y, Wang WJ, Song YZ et al (2014b) The protective mechanism of schisandrin A in d-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury through activation of autophagy. Pharm Biol 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo Z, Yu G, Lee HW et al (2012) The Nedd8-activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924 induces autophagy and apoptosis to suppress liver cancer cell growth. Cancer Res 72:3360–3371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma H, Guo R, Yu L et al (2011) Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) rescues myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury: role of autophagy paradox and toxic aldehyde. Euro Heart J 32:1025–1038

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manov I, Pollak Y, Broneshter R et al (2011) Inhibition of doxorubicin-induced autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells by sorafenib–the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase counteraction. FEBS J 278:3494–3507

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin AP, Park MA, Mitchell C et al (2009) BCL-2 family inhibitors enhance histone deacetylase inhibitor and sorafenib lethality via autophagy and overcome blockade of the extrinsic pathway to facilitate killing. Mol Pharmacol 76:327–341

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mathew R, Karp CM, Beaudoin B et al (2009) Autophagy suppresses tumorigenesis through elimination of p62. Cell 137:1062–1075

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maycotte P, Thorburn A (2011) Autophagy and cancer therapy. Cancer Biol Ther 11:127–137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mizui T, Yamashina S, Tanida I et al (2010) Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by chloroquine targeting virus-associated autophagy. J Gastroenterol 45:195–203

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y (2011) The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27:107–132

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakahira K, Haspel JA, Rathinam VA et al (2011) Autophagy proteins regulate innate immune responses by inhibiting the release of mitochondrial DNA mediated by the NALP3 inflammasome. Nat Immunol 12:222–230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nepal S, Kim MJ, Lee ES et al (2014) Modulation of Atg5 expression by globular adiponectin contributes to autophagy flux and suppression of ethanol-induced cell death in liver cells. Food Chem Toxicol 68:11–22

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ni HM, Woolbright BL, Williams J et al (2014) Nrf2 promotes the development of fibrosis and tumorigenesis in mice with defective hepatic autophagy. J Hepatol

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishida N, Kitano M, Sakurai T et al (2015) Molecular mechanism and prediction of sorafenib chemoresistance in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis 33:771–779

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pant K, Yadav AK, Gupta P et al (2016) Humic acid inhibits HBV-induced autophagosome formation and induces apoptosis in HBV-transfected Hep G2 cells. Sci Rep 6:34496

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Park MA, Zhang G, Martin AP et al (2008) Vorinostat and sorafenib increase ER stress, autophagy and apoptosis via ceramide-dependent CD95 and PERK activation. Cancer Biol Ther 7:1648–1662

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pastore N, Blomenkamp K, Annunziata F et al (2013) Gene transfer of master autophagy regulator TFEB results in clearance of toxic protein and correction of hepatic disease in alpha-1-anti-trypsin deficiency. EMBO Mol Med 5:397–412

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Peng WX, Xiong EM, Ge L et al (2016) Egr-1 promotes hypoxia-induced autophagy to enhance chemo-resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Exp Cell Res 340:62–70

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peng YF, Shi YH, Ding ZB et al (2013a) Autophagy inhibition suppresses pulmonary metastasis of HCC in mice via impairing anoikis resistance and colonization of HCC cells. Autophagy 9:2056–2068

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peng YF, Shi YH, Ding ZB et al (2013b) alpha-Fetoprotein promoter-driven Cre/LoxP-switched RNA interference for hepatocellular carcinoma tissue-specific target therapy. PLoS ONE 8:e53072

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Peng YF, Shi YH, Shen YH et al (2013c) Promoting colonization in metastatic HCC cells by modulation of autophagy. PLoS ONE 8:e74407

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Perlmutter DH (2006) The role of autophagy in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: a specific cellular response in genetic diseases associated with aggregation-prone proteins. Autophagy 2:258–263

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perlmutter DH (2009) Autophagic disposal of the aggregation-prone protein that causes liver inflammation and carcinogenesis in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Cell Death Differ 16:39–45

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perlmutter DH (2016) alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency: a misfolded secretory protein variant with unique effects on the endoplasmic reticulum. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Dis 3:63–72

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Poso AR, Surmacz CA, Mortimore GE (1987) Inhibition of intracellular protein degradation by ethanol in perfused rat liver. Biochem J 242:459–464

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Przyklenk K, Dong Y, Undyala VV et al (2012) Autophagy as a therapeutic target for ischaemia/reperfusion injury? Concepts, controversies, and challenges. Cardiovasc Res 94:197–205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puls F, Goldschmidt I, Bantel H et al (2013) Autophagy-enhancing drug carbamazepine diminishes hepatocellular death in fibrinogen storage disease. J Hepatol 59:626–630

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu DM, Wang GL, Chen L et al (2014) The expression of beclin-1, an autophagic gene, in hepatocellular carcinoma associated with clinical pathological and prognostic significance. BMC Cancer 14:327

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qu X, Yu J, Bhagat G et al (2003) Promotion of tumorigenesis by heterozygous disruption of the beclin 1 autophagy gene. J Clin Invest 112:1809–1820

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rautou PE, Mansouri A, Lebrec D et al (2010) Autophagy in liver diseases. J Hepatol 53:1123–1134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruart M, Chavarria L, Camprecios G et al (2019) Impaired endothelial autophagy promotes liver fibrosis by aggravating the oxidative stress response during acute liver injury. J Hepatol 70:458–469

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabatini DM (2006) mTOR and cancer: insights into a complex relationship. Nat Rev Cancer 6:729–734

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saitoh T, Fujita N, Jang MH et al (2008) Loss of the autophagy protein Atg16L1 enhances endotoxin-induced IL-1beta production. Nature 456:264–268

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider JL, Suh Y Cuervo AM (2014) Deficient chaperone-mediated autophagy in liver leads to metabolic dysregulation. Cell Metab

    Google Scholar 

  • Seo HY, Jang BK, Jung YA et al (2014) Phospholipase D1 decreases type I collagen levels in hepatic stellate cells via induction of autophagy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 449:38–43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shen HM, Codogno P (2011) Autophagic cell death: Loch Ness monster or endangered species? Autophagy 7:457–465

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shen M, Chen K, Lu J et al (2014) Protective effect of astaxanthin on liver fibrosis through modulation of TGF-beta1 expression and autophagy. Mediators Inflamm 2014:954502

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheng J, Qin H, Zhang K et al (2018) Targeting autophagy in chemotherapy-resistant of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 8:354–365

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shi YH, Ding ZB, Zhou J et al (2011a) Targeting autophagy enhances sorafenib lethality for hepatocellular carcinoma via ER stress-related apoptosis. Autophagy 7:1159–1172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shi YH, Ding ZB, Zhou J et al (2009) Prognostic significance of Beclin 1-dependent apoptotic activity in hepatocellular carcinoma. Autophagy 5:380–382

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shi YH, Fan J, Lin CW et al (2011) Macroautophagy. In: Monga SPS (ed) Chapter 25, Molecular pathology of liver diseases, molecular pathology library 5

    Google Scholar 

  • Shibutani ST, Saitoh T, Nowag H et al (2015) Autophagy and autophagy-related proteins in the immune system. Nat Immunol 16:1014–1024

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu S, Takehara T, Hikita H et al (2012) Inhibition of autophagy potentiates the antitumor effect of the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 131:548–557

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shinohara Y, Imajo K, Yoneda M et al (2013) Unfolded protein response pathways regulate Hepatitis C virus replication via modulation of autophagy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 432:326–332

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sieghart W, Fuereder T, Schmid K et al (2007) Mammalian target of rapamycin pathway activity in hepatocellular carcinomas of patients undergoing liver transplantation. Transplantation 83:425–432

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh R, Kaushik S, Wang Y et al (2009) Autophagy regulates lipid metabolism. Nature 458:1131–1135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha RA, Farah BL, Singh BK et al (2014) Caffeine stimulates hepatic lipid metabolism by the autophagy-lysosomal pathway in mice. Hepatology 59:1366–1380

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sir D, Chen WL, Choi J et al (2008) Induction of incomplete autophagic response by hepatitis C virus via the unfolded protein response. Hepatology 48:1054–1061

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sir D, Tian Y, Chen WL et al (2010) The early autophagic pathway is activated by hepatitis B virus and required for viral DNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:4383–4388

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SL, Jennett RB, Sorrell MF et al (1989) Acetaldehyde substoichiometrically inhibits bovine neurotubulin polymerization. J Clin Invest 84:337–341

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Song J, Qu Z, Guo X et al (2009) Hypoxia-induced autophagy contributes to the chemoresistance of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Autophagy 5:1131–1144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song Y, Zhao Y, Wang F et al (2014) Autophagy in hepatic fibrosis. Biomed Res Int 2014:436242

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Song YJ, Zhang SS, Guo XL et al (2013) Autophagy contributes to the survival of CD133 + liver cancer stem cells in the hypoxic and nutrient-deprived tumor microenvironment. Cancer Lett 339:70–81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Su TH, Kao JH, Liu CJ (2014) Molecular mechanism and treatment of viral hepatitis-related liver fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 15:10578–10604

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Su WC, Chao TC, Huang YL et al (2011) Rab5 and class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase Vps34 are involved in hepatitis C virus NS4B-induced autophagy. J Virol 85:10561–10571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sun K, Xu L, Jing Y et al (2017) Autophagy-deficient Kupffer cells promote tumorigenesis by enhancing mtROS-NF-kappaB-IL1alpha/beta-dependent inflammation and fibrosis during the preneoplastic stage of hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 388:198–207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sveger T, Eriksson S (1995) The liver in adolescents with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Hepatology 22:514–517

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tacke F, Weiskirchen R (2018) An update on the recent advances in antifibrotic therapy. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 12:1143–1152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takamura A, Komatsu M, Hara T et al (2011) Autophagy-deficient mice develop multiple liver tumors. Genes Dev 25:795–800

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tang H, Da L, Mao Y et al (2009) Hepatitis B virus X protein sensitizes cells to starvation-induced autophagy via up-regulation of beclin 1 expression. Hepatology 49:60–71

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang Y, Blomenkamp KS, Fickert P et al (2018) NorUDCA promotes degradation of alpha1-antitrypsin mutant Z protein by inducing autophagy through AMPK/ULK1 pathway. PLoS ONE 13:e0200897

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teckman JH, An JK, Loethen S et al (2002) Fasting in alpha1-antitrypsin deficient liver: constitutive [correction of consultative] activation of autophagy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 283:G1156–G1165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teckman JH, Mangalat N (2014) Alpha-1 antitrypsin and liver disease: mechanisms of injury and novel interventions. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Testerink N, Ajat M, Houweling M et al (2012) Replacement of retinyl esters by polyunsaturated triacylglycerol species in lipid droplets of hepatic stellate cells during activation. PLoS ONE 7:e34945

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thoen LF, Guimaraes EL, Dolle L et al (2011) A role for autophagy during hepatic stellate cell activation. J Hepatol 55:1353–1360

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomes PG, Trambly CS, Thiele GM et al (2012) Proteasome activity and autophagosome content in liver are reciprocally regulated by ethanol treatment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 417:262–267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tian Y, Sir D, Kuo CF et al (2011) Autophagy required for hepatitis B virus replication in transgenic mice. J Virol 85:13453–13456

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Toshima T, Shirabe K, Fukuhara T et al (2014) Suppression of autophagy during liver regeneration impairs energy charge and hepatocyte senescence in mice. Hepatology 60:290–300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tu QQ, Zheng RY, Li J et al (2014) Palmitic acid induces autophagy in hepatocytes via JNK2 activation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 35:504–512

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ueno T, Komatsu M (2017) Autophagy in the liver: functions in health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 14:170–184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valenti L, Fracanzani AL, Fargion S (2009) The immunopathogenesis of alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: two triggers for one disease? Semin Immunopathol 31:359–369

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vara D, Salazar M, Olea-Herrero N et al (2011) Anti-tumoral action of cannabinoids on hepatocellular carcinoma: role of AMPK-dependent activation of autophagy. Cell Death Differ 18:1099–1111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vausselin T, Calland N, Belouzard S et al (2013) The antimalarial ferroquine is an inhibitor of hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 58:86–97

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Li H, Zhen Z et al (2019) CXCL17 promotes cell metastasis and inhibits autophagy via the LKB1-AMPK pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gene 690:129–136

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang N, Feng Y, Zhu M et al (2010a) Berberine induces autophagic cell death and mitochondrial apoptosis in liver cancer cells: the cellular mechanism. J Cell Biochem 111:1426–1436

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang N, Pan W, Zhu M et al (2011) Fangchinoline induces autophagic cell death via p53/sestrin2/AMPK signalling in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Br J Pharmacol 164:731–742

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Perlmutter DH (2014) Targeting intracellular degradation pathways for treatment of liver disease caused by alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Pediatr Res 75:133–139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Shen J, Xiong X et al (2014) Remote ischemic preconditioning protects against liver ischemia-reperfusion injury via heme oxygenase-1-induced autophagy. PLoS ONE 9:e98834

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Singh R, Xiang Y et al (2010b) Macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy are required for hepatocyte resistance to oxidant stress. Hepatology 52:266–277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Wang Q, Song J (2017) Inhibition of autophagy potentiates the proliferation inhibition activity of microRNA-7 in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncology letters 14:3566–3572

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu WK, Coffelt SB, Cho CH et al (2012) The autophagic paradox in cancer therapy. Oncogene 31:939–953

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xie SQ, Li Q, Zhang YH et al (2011) NPC-16, a novel naphthalimide-polyamine conjugate, induced apoptosis and autophagy in human hepatoma HepG2 cells and Bel-7402 cells. Apoptosis 16:27–34

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu L, Beckebaum S, Iacob S et al (2014) MicroRNA-101 inhibits human hepatocellular carcinoma progression through EZH2 downregulation and increased cytostatic drug sensitivity. J Hepatol 60:590–598

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu N, Zhang J, Shen C et al (2012) Cisplatin-induced downregulation of miR-199a-5p increases drug resistance by activating autophagy in HCC cell. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 423:826–831

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi K, Yang L, Mccall S et al (2007) Inhibiting triglyceride synthesis improves hepatic steatosis but exacerbates liver damage and fibrosis in obese mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 45:1366–1374

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamura T, Ohsaki Y, Suzuki M et al (2014) Inhibition of Niemann-Pick-type C1-like1 by ezetimibe activates autophagy in human hepatocytes and reduces mutant alpha1-antitrypsin Z deposition. Hepatology 59:1591–1599

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang L, Rozenfeld R, Wu D et al (2014) Cannabidiol protects liver from binge alcohol-induced steatosis by mechanisms including inhibition of oxidative stress and increase in autophagy. Free Radic Biol Med 68:260–267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yazdani HO, Huang H, Tsung A (2019) Autophagy: dual response in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cells 8:E91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu HC, Hou DR, Liu CY et al (2013a) Cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A mediates bortezomib-induced autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma independent of proteasome. PLoS ONE 8:e55705

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yu HC, Lin CS, Tai WT et al (2013b) Nilotinib induces autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma through AMPK activation. J Biol Chem 288:18249–18259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yu R, Zhang ZQ, Wang B et al (2014) Berberine-induced apoptotic and autophagic death of HepG2 cells requires AMPK activation. Cancer Cell Int 14:49

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yue Z, Jin S, Yang C et al (2003) Beclin 1, an autophagy gene essential for early embryonic development, is a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:15077–15082

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yun N, Cho HI, Lee SM (2014) Impaired autophagy contributes to hepatocellular damage during ischemia/reperfusion: heme oxygenase-1 as a possible regulator. Free Radic Biol Med 68:168–177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng T, Zhang CL, Song FY et al (2014) CMZ reversed chronic ethanol-induced disturbance of PPAR-alpha possibly by suppressing oxidative stress and PGC-1alpha acetylation, and activating the MAPK and GSK3beta pathway. PLoS ONE 9:e98658

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng T, Zhang CL, Song FY et al (2012) PI3K/Akt pathway activation was involved in acute ethanol-induced fatty liver in mice. Toxicology 296:56–66

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang F, Zhao S, Yan W et al (2016) Branched chain amino acids cause liver injury in obese/diabetic mice by promoting adipocyte lipolysis and inhibiting hepatic autophagy. EBioMedicine 13:157–167

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhu X et al (2019) DEAD box protein 5 inhibits liver tumorigenesis by stimulating autophagy via interaction with p62/SQSTM1. Hepatology 69:1046–1063

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Sung JJY, Yu J et al (2014a) Xenophagy in Helicobacter pylori- and Epstein-Barr virus-induced gastric cancer. J Pathol 233:103–112

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Bokov A, Gelfond J et al (2014b) Rapamycin extends life and health in C57BL/6 mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 69:119–130

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao J, Peng L, Cui R et al (2016a) Dimethyl alpha-ketoglutarate reduces CCl4-induced liver fibrosis through inhibition of autophagy in hepatic stellate cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 481:90–96

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Q, Guo Z, Deng W et al (2016b) Calpain 2-mediated autophagy defect increases susceptibility of fatty livers to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cell Death Dis 7:e2186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong Z, Sanchez-lopez E, Karin M (2016) Autophagy, Inflammation, and Immunity: A Troika Governing Cancer and Its Treatment. Cell 166:288–298

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou H, Zhu J, Yue S et al (2016) The Dichotomy of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response in Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Transplantation 100:365–372

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou J, Farah BL, Sinha RA et al (2014) Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol, stimulates hepatic autophagy and lipid clearance. PLoS ONE 9:e87161

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou L, Liu S, Han M et al (2017) MicroRNA-185 induces potent autophagy via AKT signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 39:1010428317694313

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jia Fan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Science Press and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Fan, J., Shi, Y., Peng, Y. (2020). Autophagy and Liver Diseases. In: Le, W. (eds) Autophagy: Biology and Diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1207. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4272-5_37

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics