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Arsenic in Latin America: Part I

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Arsenic in Drinking Water and Food

Abstract

A complete analysis on the occurrence of arsenic (As) in aquifers and several superficial water bodies in Latin America, identified in 13 countries, is presented. The Chaco-Pampean plain in Argentina is the largest area affected by groundwater As contamination. Research on the chemical and hydrogeological processes of release and mobilization of As has also been developed in Mexico, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, and Nicaragua. In most of the contaminated areas, As originates from geogenic sources, mainly volcanic rocks, hydrothermal fluids, and As-bearing minerals. However, anthropogenic sources are also present in certain zones, most of them coming from mining operations and, in some cases, related to agriculture. Mining is indeed the main As source in Brazil. The physicochemical characteristics of the water, such as pH and Eh, and the presence of other ions influence the mobilization of As. Hydrogeological conditions also determine the occurrence of As contamination. It has been found that the element is in the As(V) form in most locations. In all Latin American countries, more research has still to be conducted to determine As concentrations and speciation in water bodies used as drinking water source, to unravel its origin and mobilization processes.

Regarding analytical methods on As determination, 167 papers in scientific journals have been identified in the last 18 years in Latin America. The most widely analytical methodologies used for As determination are AAS (57%), specifically HG-AAS, and ICP (26%), mainly coupled with MS. Electrochemical methods have been applied in Chile, Brazil, and Argentina. UV-VIS spectrometry has been used mainly in Cuba and Mexico. XRF spectrometry, principally for solid samples, has been used in Mexico, Cuba, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. Other used methodologies are INAA, the ARSOlux Biosensor and the SPRN technique.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In this paper, Latin America will be referred to as the region comprising those countries in the Americas where the Spanish or Portuguese languages prevail: Mexico, all countries of Central America with the exception of Belize, all South American countries (with the exception of Guyana, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago), and, in the Caribbean, Cuba, Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico.

Abbreviations

AAS:

Atomic absorption spectrometry

AE:

Anion exchange

AEC:

Anion exchange chromatography

AES:

Atomic emission spectrometry

AFS:

Atomic fluorescence spectrometry

AS-SWV:

Anodic stripping square-wave voltammetry

ASV:

Anodic stripping voltammetry

ASV-(CAR-CPE):

Adsorptive stripping voltammetric carrageenan modified carbon paste electrode

BDES:

Bi-directional electrostacking system

CPE:

Cloud point extraction

CSV:

Cathodic stripping voltammetry

CT:

Cryotrapping gas

DPP:

Differential pulse polarography

EcHG:

Electrochemical hydride generation

ETAAS:

Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

ETV:

Electrothermal vaporizer

EVA:

Ethyl vinyl acetate

FI:

Flow injection

GC-PFPD:

Gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection

GFAAS:

Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

GFH:

Granular ferric hydroxide

HG:

Hydride generation

HPLC:

High pressure liquid chromatography

HR-CS:

High-resolution continuum source

HS-SPME:

Headspace solid-phase micro-extraction

IC:

Ionic chromatography

ICPAES:

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

ICPMS:

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

ICPOES:

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

INAA:

Instrumental neutron activation analysis

IXED:

Ion exchange/electrodialysis

LA:

Laser ablation

LC:

Liquid chromatography

MP:

Microwave plasma

MS:

Mass spectrometry

MSFIA:

Multisyringe flow injection analysis

PA-NCu:

Copper nanoparticles supported in polyamide pellets

SIA:

Sequential injection analysis

SPE:

Solid phase extraction

SPRN:

Surface plasmon resonance nanosensor

SWCSV:

Square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry

UV:

Ultraviolet

XRFS:

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT) from Argentina under PICT-2015-0208 and by BioCriticalMetals-ERAMIN 2015 grants. We want to appreciate the support of Olivia Cruz, Alejandra Aguayo, Nora E. Ceniceros Bombela, and Blanca X. Felipe Martínez from the Geophysics Institute, UNAM, on the search of bibliographic information.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Gerencia Química, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica-CONICET, San Martín, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Marta I. Litter

  2. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, Campus Miguelete, San Martín, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Marta I. Litter

  3. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geofísica, Circuito Exterior, CU, Ciudad de México, México

    María A. Armienta

  4. Instituto de Geofísica, Unidad Michoacán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus-Morelia, Morelia, Michoacán, México

    Ruth E. Villanueva Estrada

  5. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Toxicología y Química Legal, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Edda C. Villaamil Lepori & Valentina Olmos

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  1. Marta I. Litter
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  1. Plant Stress Biology Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Sudhakar Srivastava

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Litter, M.I., Armienta, M.A., Villanueva Estrada, R.E., Villaamil Lepori, E.C., Olmos, V. (2020). Arsenic in Latin America: Part I. In: Srivastava, S. (eds) Arsenic in Drinking Water and Food. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8587-2_4

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