Abstract
In this chapter I first consider how complex it is to define a variety of English in multilingual settings such as the Philippines and then how complex it is to define a native speaker in such settings. This will include a discussion on the ownership of English in contexts where English is used by multilinguals for whom English is an additional language. I then present examples of how English is being adapted by multilinguals in the region, focussing on the Philippines, and also discuss how it is being used as a lingua franca in the region, using data drawn from the Asian Corpus of English (ACE). Examples include a study on the use or non-use of tense markings by first-language speakers of Malay. The findings raise interesting issues about the role of the speakers’ first language on their English. I conclude with some considerations for the teaching of English in the multilingual Philippines.
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Notes
- 1.
The T’boli language is mainly spoken in South Cotabato, a province of Mindanao.
- 2.
The extracts in this chapter come from the Asian Corpus of English (ACE), a corpus of naturally occurring English as a lingua franca used by Asian multilinguals. ACE can be accessed at http://corpus.ied.edu.hk/ace/
- 3.
The Asian Corpus of English was collected by several teams across Asia based at Ateneo de Manila University, Chukyo University (Japan), Guangxi University (China), the Hong Kong Institute of Education, Griffith University (Australia), Nanyang Technological University (Singapore), SEAMEO RETRAC (Ho Chi Minh City), the University of Brunei and the University of Malaya. ACE is freely available for researchers at http://corpus.ied.edu.hk/ace/
- 4.
Deciding on which language these discourse markers are transferred from is difficult, as both Chinese and Malay use discourse markers of this type, and more than one language may be responsible (see also McLellan 2012).
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Kirkpatrick, A. (2018). English in Multilingual Settings: Features, Roles and Implications. In: Martin, I. (eds) Reconceptualizing English Education in a Multilingual Society. English Language Education, vol 13. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7528-5_2
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