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Recent Advances in Composting of Organic and Hazardous Waste: A Road Map to Safer Environment

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Biosynthetic Technology and Environmental Challenges

Part of the book series: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability ((ENENSU))

Abstract

With the rapid development of economy and agriculture, continues to be the fast increase of organic and hazardous wastes such as animal manure, sewage sludge, green waste, antibiotics residue, municipal solid waste, and agricultural waste. These wastes contain lots of organic matter and nutrients, and also contain various kinds of toxic materials or elements (e.g., heavy metals, pathogens, antibiotics and antibiotics gens). The improper disposal of these wastes would result in environmental pollution and potential risk of human health. Composting technology is a kind of biological waste treatments, which has been widely accepted as an alternative method to recycle the organic matter and produce a stable and sanitary soil fertilizer or amendment. Furthermore, many researchers have elucidated the major factors such as temperature, pH, C/N ratio, moisture content, and particle size that are relevant in the monitoring of the composting process. However, the traditional composting still has some drawbacks such as nitrogen loss, leachate generation, odor problem, greenhouse gases (CH4 and N2O) emission, heavy metals (HMs) mobility, antibiotic residue, and antibiotic gens diffusion. During the composting process, 9.6–46% initial total nitrogen (N) is lost due to the volatilization of NH3, which not only decreases the compost quality, but also worsens the air pollution. Meanwhile, the greenhouse gases (CH4 and N2O) emission leads to environmental pollution. In addition, the high bioavailability of HMs in compost and the residual of antibiotic and antibiotic gens would also limit the development of composting technology and the land use of compost as well as cause hazard for ecosystem. In order to promote the composting progress and reduce the adverse effect during composting, many viable practical approaches have been applied adjusting the physicochemical parameters (e.g., moisture, C/N ratio, aeration rate and pH), using the different kinds of bulking agents, and adding the chemical agents, mineral additives, and microbial agent. This chapter discusses the benefit and challenge of composting of organic and hazardous waste. It will also discuss the current method to promote the compost quality and reduce the environmental risk.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are extremely grateful to the “The National Key Research and Development Program of China” and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation for financial support as “Major Research Project” (2016YFD0800606) and “Minor research Project” (No. 2016M602865) for this work and the Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China fellowship received by Dr. Mukesh Kumar Awasthi (No. 154433) are also duly acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China

    Quan Wang, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Xiuna Ren, Junchao Zhao, Meijing Wang, Hongyu Chen & Zengqiang Zhang

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Amicable Knowledge Solution University, Satna, India

    Mukesh Kumar Awasthi

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  1. Quan Wang
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  2. Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
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  3. Xiuna Ren
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  4. Junchao Zhao
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  5. Meijing Wang
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  6. Hongyu Chen
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  7. Zengqiang Zhang
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zengqiang Zhang .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

    Sunita J. Varjani

  2. Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

    Binod Parameswaran

  3. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Division, CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

    Sunil Kumar

  4. Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Sunil K. Khare

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Wang, Q. et al. (2018). Recent Advances in Composting of Organic and Hazardous Waste: A Road Map to Safer Environment. In: Varjani, S., Parameswaran, B., Kumar, S., Khare, S. (eds) Biosynthetic Technology and Environmental Challenges. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7434-9_17

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