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Do We Have a Chance to Translate Bench-top Results to the Clinic Adequately? An Opinion

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Translational Research in Stroke

Part of the book series: Translational Medicine Research ((TRAMERE))

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Abstract

Animal models of ischemic, hemorrhagic stroke and transformation certainly have vivid importance for clinical studies and development of thrombolytic as well as neuroprotective drugs. Clear understanding of techniques for every type of stroke modeling highlights naturally impossible adverse effects of the surgery, which might greatly influence the interpretation of final experimental results. There are no stroke models that fully reflect human disease. Infarcts are relatively larger in experimental animals than in humans with strokes. The models are more analogous to massive hemispheric infarcts than to localized strokes such as those in the internal capsule. Every type of animal stroke model is a partial hallmark of clinical picture. Thus, knowledge about the variety of stroke models allows choosing the system, which will serves for testing drugs or compound, predicting effective doses, and evaluating possible adverse effects, pharmacokinatics. Clinical trials might be more informative and successful if benchtop results are clearly delineated and reflect treatment time window, mechanism, and doses.

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Abbreviations

ADMA:

Asymmetric dimethylarginine

AF:

Atrial fibrillation

AIS:

Acute ischemic stroke

APP:

Amyloid precursor protein

BBB:

Blood-brain barrier

BFGF:

Basic fibroblast growth factor

CA:

Cardiac attack

CBP:

Central blood pressure

CIMT:

Carotid intima-media thickness

CVR:

Cerebrovascular reactivity

eNOS:

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase

ER:

Endothelial reticulum

ERO1:

ER oxidoreductin 1

FAD:

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

HI:

Hypoxic-ischemic

HT:

Hemorrhagic transformation

MABP:

Mean arterial blood pressure

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MCA:

Middle cerebral artery

NO:

Nitric oxide

NOXs:

NADPH oxidases

PDI:

Disulfide isomerase

PMNs:

Polymorph nuclear leukocytes

PYK-2:

Protein tyrosine kinase-2

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TIA:

Transient ischemic attack

UA:

Uric acid

XDH:

Xanthine dehydrogenase

XO:

Xanthine oxidase

XOR:

Xanthine oxidoreductase

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. H. Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry, NAS, 5/1 Paruyr Sevak St, Yerevan, 0014, Armenia

    Kristine Edgar Danielyan

  2. Yerevan State University, Alek Manukyan St. 1, Yerevan, 0025, Armenia

    Kristine Edgar Danielyan

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  1. Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Advanced Health Sciences Pavilion, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Paul A. Lapchak

  2. Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

    Guo-Yuan Yang

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Danielyan, K.E. (2017). Do We Have a Chance to Translate Bench-top Results to the Clinic Adequately? An Opinion. In: Lapchak, P., Yang, GY. (eds) Translational Research in Stroke. Translational Medicine Research. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5804-2_26

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