Abstract
The recent growth in international discourse on climate change and migration nexus has given a necessary push towards development of regulatory policies. Despite this, India—one of the largest climate migrant hot-spot has remained absent from the discourse. The current chapter reviews the dominant normative frameworks on climate migration and locate India’s locus in the debate. It is argued that despite India’s absence from the state and international organisation led policy discourse, Indian administration (the State apparatus) is acutely aware of the impact climate change is having on migration patterns. These migrations are not constructed as a “brand new” area of regulation, but instead treated as a wicked problem which requires a combination of several existing norms and policies to respond to forced and voluntary migrations driven by climate change.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
- 3.
The Lancet 2020, p. 839.
- 4.
IDMC (2021) Global Internal Displacement Data. https://www.internal-displacement.org/database/displacement-data Accessed 29 July 2022.
- 5.
Ibid.
- 6.
Elliott 2010, pp. 175–190.
- 7.
Boas 2014, p. 151.
- 8.
- 9.
For complete list of interviewees, see Annex A.
- 10.
IDMC (2021) Global Internal Displacement Data. https://www.internal-displacement.org/database/displacement-data Accessed 29 July 2022.
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
Alscher 2010, p. 171.
- 14.
Foresight 2011, p. 84.
- 15.
- 16.
Tumbe 2012, p. 90.
- 17.
- 18.
- 19.
- 20.
Faist 2000, p. 202.
- 21.
- 22.
- 23.
Sha 2021.
- 24.
Laczko and Aghazarm 2009.
- 25.
Warner and van der Geest 2013, p. 376.
- 26.
Black et al. 2011, p. 478.
- 27.
- 28.
WPF (2021) The dry corridor, available at https://www.wfpusa.org/the-dry-corridor-in-central-america/ Accessed 15 May 2022.
- 29.
Findlay and Geddes 2011, p. 143.
- 30.
- 31.
Docherty and Giannini 2009, p. 350.
- 32.
Biermann and Boas 2010, p. 76.
- 33.
Mayer 2011, p. 380.
- 34.
Pressman and Wildavsky 1984.
- 35.
- 36.
- 37.
Rittel and Webber 1973, p. 161.
- 38.
Czaika et al. 2021, p. 15.
- 39.
- 40.
- 41.
Kaplan 2008, p. 744.
- 42.
Bohman 1998.
- 43.
Ibid., p. 16.
- 44.
Heclo 2010, p. 305.
- 45.
Bodansky et al. 2008.
- 46.
UNGA (1994) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Article 2.
- 47.
Kolmannskog and Trebbi 2010, p. 720.
- 48.
Kuyper et al. 2018, p. 355.
- 49.
Warner 2012.
- 50.
Ibid., p. 1067.
- 51.
UNFCCC 2010, para 14(f), p. 5.
- 52.
Ibid.
- 53.
Warner 2013, p. 761.
- 54.
Jakobsson 2021, p. 21.
- 55.
UNFCCC 2013, Decision 2/CP.19, para 1.
- 56.
UNFCCC 2015, Article 8.
- 57.
UNFCCC 2016, para 49.
- 58.
Bettini et al. 2017.
- 59.
Nishimura 2015.
- 60.
Docherty and Giannini 2009, p. 396.
- 61.
- 62.
- 63.
- 64.
Ibid.
- 65.
UNGA 1966, Article 12.
- 66.
UNGA 1966, Article 11.
- 67.
- 68.
UNGA 1972, para 1.
- 69.
- 70.
UNGA 2018.
- 71.
Ibid.
- 72.
McAdam 2012.
- 73.
Williams 2008, p. 513.
- 74.
Thornton 2018, p. 397.
- 75.
Williams 2008, p. 514.
- 76.
Human Rights Committee, Ioane Teitiota v. New Zealand, No. 2728/2016, Communication of 24 October 2019, para 9.11.
- 77.
Ibid., para 2.1.
- 78.
Ibid., para 6.1.
- 79.
Ibid., para 9.12.
- 80.
McAdam 2009, p. 16.
- 81.
Ni 2015, p. 339.
- 82.
McAdam 2009.
- 83.
Ibid.
- 84.
- 85.
For a discussion on the Nansen initiative, see the Preface to this monograph.
- 86.
Kälin and Schrepfer 2012.
- 87.
Manuvie (2019) The Print, Why India is home to millions of refugees but doesn’t have a policy for them. https://theprint.in/opinion/why-india-is-home-to-millions-of-refugees-but-doesnt-have-a-policy-for-them/341301/ Accessed 9 August 2022.
- 88.
Roy 2013.
- 89.
Cons 2012.
- 90.
Falcone and Wangchuk 2008.
- 91.
Wisner et al. 2012.
- 92.
UNISDR 2009, p. 10.
- 93.
- 94.
- 95.
- 96.
- 97.
- 98.
UNISDR 2005.
- 99.
Ibid., p. 21.
- 100.
UNISDR 2015, para 134.
- 101.
- 102.
UNISDR 2015, paras 20–34.
- 103.
Briceño 2015, pp. 202–204.
- 104.
- 105.
- 106.
- 107.
IDMC (2021) Global Internal Displacement Data. https://www.internal-displacement.org/database/displacement-data Accessed 29 July 2022.
- 108.
The author was informed in an email communication with Professor Walter Kalin who chaired the Nansen Initiative that the invitation to engage in the South-Asian consultations had been sent to the Ministries in India but that no response was received.
- 109.
These UN organisations are at the forefront of the climate change migration debate due to their experience in handling varied forms of forced and voluntary migration. I was told by senior level UNHRC official Pia Oberoi that India has not engaged with the UN on GCM either.
- 110.
Eckstein et al. 2019, p. 37.
- 111.
IDMC (2021) Global Internal Displacement. https://www.internal-displacement.org/database/displacement-data Accessed 29 July 2022.
- 112.
Mohanty and Wadhawan 2021, p. 3.
- 113.
- 114.
Ibid.
- 115.
Manuvie 2017.
- 116.
Ravindranath et al. 2011.
- 117.
- 118.
Watmough et al. 2016, p. 188.
- 119.
- 120.
van Schendel 2005.
- 121.
Government of India (2011) Census data—D-01 Appendix: Population classified by place of birth, age and sex. State of Assam. https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables Accessed 20 July 2022.
- 122.
Interview with Deputy Commissioner Kamrup (Metropolitan) 18 February 2016, DC Office, Guwahati, Assam, India.
- 123.
Government of India 2008, p. 3.
- 124.
Supreme Court of India. Olga Tellis and Ors. V. Bombay Municipal Corporation & Ors. 1985 SCC (3) 545.
- 125.
Supreme Court of India. Francis C. Mullin Versus Administrator Union Territory of Delhi 981 AIR 746 1981 SCR (2) 516.
- 126.
Interview with Joint Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, 27 April 2016, New Delhi, India.
- 127.
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.
- 128.
Indira Awas Yojana (National Rural Housing Mission).
- 129.
Interview with Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi 16 April 2016, Chief Minister’s House, Dispur, Assam, India.
- 130.
Ibid.
- 131.
Ministry of Environment and Forest-Government of India 2012, p. 169.
- 132.
Interview with V. Pipersenia, Chief Secretary, Government of Assam 17 February 2016, Dispur, Assam, India.
- 133.
Interviews with Joint Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, Joint Secretary. (Currently Chief Secretary of Assam), Department of Personnel and Training, April 2016, South Block, New Delhi, India.
- 134.
Interviews with V. Pipersenia, Chief Secretary, Deputy Commissioner Bongaigaon, COO Assam State Disaster Management Authority various dates in February 2016, various locations in Assam, India.
- 135.
See for example Village level plan from Noomati Village in Dhubri. https://asdma.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/Village_Disaster_Management_Plan_Dhubri_0.pdf Accessed 25 July 2022.
- 136.
Interview with Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi 16 April 2016, Chief Minister’s House, Dispur, Assam, India.
- 137.
Boas 2015.
- 138.
Ibid.
- 139.
MoEF is the traditionally used abbreviation for the Ministry of Environment and Forest in India. The Ministry was re-christened in 2014 to Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to reflect the growing concern of the Indian government towards climate change.
- 140.
Interview with Joint Secretary of Ministry of Environment, Ravi Shankar Prasad, 2016, New Delhi, India.
- 141.
Ministry of Home Affairs 2018, paras 2.53, 2.72, p. 11.
- 142.
- 143.
Interview with Deputy Commissioner Kamrup (Metropolitan) 18 February 2016, DC Office, Guwahati, Assam, India.
- 144.
- 145.
Interview with Deputy Commissioner Bongaigaon 29 February 2016, Bongaigaon District Office, Assam, India.
- 146.
Interview with COO Assam State Disaster Management Authority 14 February 2016, Secretariat, Dispur, Assam, India.
- 147.
Interview with Jt. Sec. Ravi Shankar Prasad, 2016; Jt. Sec. Jishnu Baruha, 2016; Retd. Addl. DIG Rajender Kumar, 2016.
- 148.
Interview with Deputy Commissioner Morigaon, 17 February 2016, DC Office Morigaon, Assam, India.
- 149.
Interview with Deputy Commissioner Goalpara, 3 March 2016, DC Office Goalpara, Assam, India.
- 150.
Interview with Deputy Commissioner Dhubri 1 March 2016, Circuit House, Dhubri, Assam, India.
- 151.
Interview with Deputy Commissioner Kamrup (Metropolitan) 16 March 2016, Circuit House, Guwahati, Assam, India.
- 152.
Interview with COO Assam State Disaster Management Authority 14 February 2016, Secretariat, Dispur, Assam, India.
- 153.
Gupta 2012.
- 154.
Mathur 2016.
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Manuvie, R. (2023). Understanding Climate Migration Governance. In: Climate Migration Governance and the Discourse of Citizenship in India. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-567-6_2
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