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Nanomedicine: The Promise and Challenges in Cancer Chemotherapy

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Nanomaterial

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 811))

Abstract

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Conventional chemotherapy has drawbacks ranging from limited effectiveness, chemoresistance, and treatment-related side-effects and damages to healthy tissues. The idea of drug targeting started to emerge as early as 1906. As outlined by Danhier et al., the challenge ahead is about how to find proper targets, to develop a drug that exploits the targets, and finally to design the proper delivery system (carrier) for the drug [1]. Cancer nanomedicine is the use of nano-sized entities (10–200 nm) to diagnose, prevent, or treat cancer. These entities can be loaded with chemotherapeutics, nucleic acids, radiosensitizers, diagnostic agents and/or probes. This chapter displays an updated review of several nano-carrier platforms, their common features, and applications, followed by a discussion of the major mechanisms by which nano-carriers are targeted to cancer cells. Finally it discusses barriers that hinder the applications of nanomedicine in cancer chemotherapy, and how the rational design of the nanomedicine may overcome these barriers.

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Abbreviations

ABC transporter:

ATP-binding cassette transporter

ADC:

Antibody drug conjugate

AELs:

Anticancer etherlipids

BBB:

Blood brain barrier

BBTB:

Blood brain tumor barrier

bFGF:

basic fibroblast growth factor

CAFs:

Cancer associated fibroblasts

CMC:

Critical micelle concentration

CSF-1:

Colony stimulating factor 1

DAR:

Drug : antibody ratio

dFdCTP:

difluorodeoxycytidine triphosphate

dFdU:

difluorodeoxyuridine

DOPE:

Dioleoyl phosphoethanolamine

DSPE:

1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine

DSPG:

1,2-distearoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

EGFR:

Epithelial growth factor receptor

EPR:

Enhanced permeation and retention

FAR:

Folic acid receptor

GemC18:

4(N)-stearoyl gemcitabine

GEMM:

Genetically engineered mouse model

GLUT:

d-glucose transporter protein

HA:

Hyaluronic acid

hENT:

human equilibrative nucleoside transporter

HER-2:

Human endothelial growth factor receptor-2

Hh:

Hedgehog pathway

HIF1α:

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α

HPMA:

N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide

HYAL:

Hyaluronidase

IFP:

Interstitial fluid pressure

LOX:

Lysyl oxidase

mAb:

monoclonal antibody

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

MDR:

Multidrug resistance

MIP-1 α:

Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α

MMP:

Matrix metalloprotease

MPS:

Mononuclear phagocyte system

nab :

nanoparticles-albumin bound

NO:

Nitric oxide

NSCLC:

Non-small cell lung cancer

oHA:

oligo-fragments of hyaluronic acid

PCL:

Poly-ε-caprolactone

PDAC:

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PEI:

Polyethylene imine

PEO:

Polyethylene oxide

P-gp:

P-glycoprotein

PLA:

Poly-lactic acid

PLGA:

Poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid

PPO:

Polypropylene oxide

PRINT:

Particle replication in non-wetting templates

proAEL:

phosphorylated prodrugs of anticancer etherlipids

PSMA:

Prostate-specific membrane antigen

RGD:

Argentine-glycine-aspartic acid

siRNA:

short-interfering RNA

SLN:

Solid lipid nanoparticles

SMANCS:

Neocarzinostatin-styrene-maleic acid conjugate

Smo:

Smoothened

SPARC:

Specific protein, acidic and rich in cysteine

sPLA2:

secretory phospholipase A2

TAMs:

Tumor-associated macrophages

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

VEGFR:

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor

VIP:

Human vasoactive intestinal peptide

α-SMA:

α-smooth muscle actin

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Acknowledgements

Z. Cui was supported in part by a National Cancer Institute grant (CA135274). Youssef Naguib was supported by a doctoral scholarship from the Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pharmaceutics Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA

    Youssef W. Naguib & Zhengrong Cui PhD

  2. Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX, 78723, USA

    Zhengrong Cui PhD

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  1. Youssef W. Naguib
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  2. Zhengrong Cui PhD
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Correspondence to Zhengrong Cui PhD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA

    David G. Capco

  2. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

    Yongsheng Chen

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Naguib, Y.W., Cui, Z. (2014). Nanomedicine: The Promise and Challenges in Cancer Chemotherapy. In: Capco, D., Chen, Y. (eds) Nanomaterial. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 811. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8739-0_11

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