Skip to main content

Abstract

Like senile plaques, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) does not result from accumulation of the amyloid β(Aβ) protein alone, but also contains a number of other components, referred to as amyloid β-associated proteins. In this review we will discuss which proteins can be found in the cerebral vessel walls that are affected by CAA, what the possible source of these proteins is, and to what extent they might contribute to the pathogenesis of CAA. The data generated in our laboratory are in agreement with a pathogenesis of CAA that is different from that of the amyloidosis in senile plaques, although part of the amyloid-associated proteins in both these lesions may have the same parenchymal source. Since vascular malfunction is an independent risk factor for developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and CAA formation may depend on the interactions of Aβ with Aβ-associated proteins, pharmacological interference with these interactions may provide a new approach for treatment of AD and related cerebral vasculopathies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Verbeek, M.M., Eikelenboom, P., and de Waal, R.M.W. (1997) Differences between the pathogenesis of senile plaques and congophilic angiopathy in Alzheimer’s disease, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 56, 751–761.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Verbeek, M.M., Otte-Höller, I., Veerhuis, R., Ruiter, D.J., and de Waal, R.M.W. (1998) Distribution of Aß-associated proteins in cerebrovascular amyloid of Alzheimer’s disease, Acta. Neuropathol. 96, 628–636.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Eikelenboom, P. and Veerhuis, R. (1996) The role of complement and activated microglia in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, Neurobiol. Aging 17, 673–680.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kalaria, R.N. and Kroon, S.N. (1992) Complement inhibitor C4-binding protein in amyloid deposits containing serum amyloid P in Alzheimer’s disease, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 186, 461–466.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Eikelenboom, P. and Stam, F.C. (1984) An immonuhistochemical study on cerebral vascular and senile plaque amyloid in Alzheimer’s dementia, Virchows Arch [Cell Pathol] 47, 17–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kida, E., Choi Miura, N.H., and Wisniewski, K.E. (1995) Deposition of apolipoproteins E and J in senile plaques is topographically determined in both Alzheimer’s disease and Down’s syndrome brain, Brain Res. 685, 211–216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Jiang, H., Burdick, D., Glabe, C.G., Cotman, C.W., and Tenner, A.J. (1994) ß-Amyloid activates complement by binding to a specific region of the collagen-like domain of the ClqA chain, J. Immunol. 152, 5050–5059.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Snyder, S.W., Wang, G.T., Barrett, L., Ladror, U.S., Casuto, D., Lee, C.M., Krafft, G.A., Holzman, R.B., and Holzman, T.F. (1994) Complement Clq does not bind monomeric 13- amyloid, Exp. Neurol. 128, 136–142.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Eikelenboom, P., Hack, C.E., Rozemuller, J.M., and Stam, F.C. (1989) Complement activation in amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s dementia, Virchows Arch. B. Cell Pathol. Incl. Mol. Pathol. 56, 259–262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhan, S.-S., Veerhuis, R., Kamphorst, W., and Eikelenboom, P. (1995) Distribution of beta amyloid associated proteins in plaques in Alzheimer’s disease and in the non-demented elderly, Neurodegeneration 4, 291–297.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Strauss, S., Bauer, J., Ganter, U., Jonas, U., Berger, M., and Volk, B. (1992) Detection of interleukin-6 and a-2-macroglobulin immunoreactivity in cortex and hippocampus of Alzheimer’s disease patients, Lab. Invest. 66, 223–230.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Abraham, C.R., Selkoe, D.J., and Potter, H. (1988) Immunochemical identification of the serine protease inhibitor alpha-l-antichymotrypsin in the brain amyloid deposits of Alzheimer’s disease, Cell 52, 487–501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kawamata, T., Tooyama, I., Yamada, T., Walker, D.G., and McGeer, P.L. (1993) Lactotransferrin immunocytochemistry in Alzheimer and normal human brain, Am. J. Pathol. 142, 1574–1585.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Shoji, M., Hirai, S., Yamaguchi, H., Harigaya, Y., Ishiguro, K., and Matsubara, E. (1991) Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin is present in diffuse senile plaques, Am. J. Pathol. 138, 247257.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Rozemuller, J.M., Abbink, J.J., Kamp, A.M., Stam, F.C., Hack, C.E., and Eikelenboom, P. (1991) Distribution pattern and functional state of al-antichymotrypsin in plaques and vascular amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease, Acta. Neuropathol. 82, 200–207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Verbeek, M.M., Otte-Höller, I., Wesseling, P., Ruiter, D.J., and de Waal, R.M.W. (1996) Differential expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the Aß-containing lesions in brains of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type, Acta. Neuropathol. 91, 608–615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Yamaguchi, H., Ishiguro, K., Sugihara, S., Nakazato, Y., Kawarabayashi, T., Sun, X., and Hirai, S. (1994) Presence of apolipoprotein Eon extracellular neurofibrillary tangles and on meningeal blood vessels precedes the Alzheimer 13-amyloid deposition, Acta. Neuropathol. 88, 413–419.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Schmechel, D.E., Saunders, A.M., Strittmatter, W.J., Crain, B.J., Hulette, C.M., Joo, S.H., Pericak-Vance, M.A., Goldgaber, D., and Roses, A.D. (1993) Increased amyloid f3-peptide deposition in cerebral cortex as a consequence of apolipoprotein E genotype in late-onset Alzheimer disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 9649–9653.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Snow, A.D., Mar, H., Nochlin, D., Sekiguchi, R.T., Kimata, K., Koike, Y., and Wight, T.N. (1990) Early accumulation of heparan sulfate in neurons and in the beta-amyloid protein-containing lesions of Alzheimer’s disease and Down’s syndrome, Am. J. Pathol. 137, 1253–1270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Snow, A.D., Mar, H., Nochlin, D., Kimata, K., Kato, M., Suzuki, S., Hassell, J., and Wight, T.N. (1988) The presence of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the neuritic plaques and congophilic angiopathy in Alzheimer’s disease, Am. J Pathol. 133, 456–463.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Duong, T., Pommier, E.C., and Schiebel, A.B. (1989) Immunodetection of the amyloid P component in Alzheimer’s disease, Acta. Neuropathol. 78, 429–437.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Westermark, P., Shirahama, T., Skinner, M., Brun, A., Cameron, R., and Cohen, A.S. (1982) Immunohistochemical evidence for the lack of amyloid P component in some intracerebral amyloids, Lab. Invest. 46, 457–460.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Uéda, K., Fukushima, H., Masliah, E., Xia, Y., Iwai, A., Yoshimoto, M., Otero, D.A.C., Kondo, J., Ihara, Y., and Saitoh, T. (1993) Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding an unrecognized component of amyloid in Alzheimer disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 11282–11286.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Iwai, A., Yoshimoto, M., Masliah, E., and Saitoh, T. (1995) Non-A13 component of Alzheimer’s disease amyloid (NAC) is amyloidogenic, Biochemistry 34, 10139–10145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Vinters, H.V., Lenard Secor, D., Pardridge, W.M., and Gray, F. (1990) Immunohistochemical study of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. III. Widespread Alzheimer A4 peptide in cerebral microvessel walls colocalizes with gamma trace in patients with leukoencephalopathy, Ann. Neurol. 28, 34–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Vinters, H.V., Nishimura, G.S., Lenard Secor, D., and Pardridge, W.M. (1990) Immunoreactive A4 and gamma-trace peptide colocalization in amyloidotic arteriolar lesions in brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, Am. J. Pathol. 137, 233–240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Tagliavini, F., Ghiso, J., Timmers, W.F., Giaccone, G., Bugiani, O., and Frangione, B. (1990) Coexistence of Alzheimer’s amyloid precursor protein and amyloid protein in cerebral vessel walls, Lab. Invest. 62, 761–767.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. van Duinen, S.G., Maat-Schieman, M.L.C., Bruijn, J.A., Haan, J., and Roos, R.A.C. (1995) Cortical tissue of patients with hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch) contains various extracellular matrix deposits, Lab. Invest. 73, 183–189.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Zhang, W.W., Lempessi, H., and Olsson, Y. (1998) Amyloid angiopathy of the human brain: immunohistochemical studies using markers for components of extracellular matrix, smooth muscle actin and endothelial cells, Acta Neuropathol. Berl. 96, 558–563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Verbeek, M.M., Otte-Höller, I., Westphal, J.R., Wesseling, P., Ruiter, D.J., and de Waal, R.M.W. (1994) Accumulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in senile plaques in brain tissue of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, Am. J. Pathol. 144, 104–116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Eikelenboom, P., Zhan, S.-S., van Gool, W.A., and Allsop, D. (1994) Inflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease, Trends. Pharmacol. Sci. 15, 447–450.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Namba, Y., Tomonaga, M., Kawasaki, H., Otomo, E., and Ikeda, K. (1991) Apolipoprotein E immunoreactivity in cerebral amyloid deposits and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer’s disease and kuru plaque amyloid in Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, Brain Res. 541, 163–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Lue, L.-F., Brachova, L., Civin, H., and Rogers, J. (1996) Inflammation, A(3 deposition, and neurofibrillary tangle formation as correlates of Alzheimer’s disease neurodegeneration, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55, 1083–1088.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Verbeek, M.M., Otte-Höller, I., Wesseling, P., Van Nostrand, W.E., Sorg, C., Ruiter, D.J., and de Waal, R.M.W. (1995) A lysosomal marker for activated microglial cells involved in Alzheimer classic senile plaques, Acta. Neuropathol. 90, 493–503.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Rozemuller, J.M., Eikelenboom, P., Stam, F.C., Beyreuther, K., and Masters, C.L. (1989) A4 protein in Alzheimer’s disease: primary and secondary cellular events in extracellular amyloid deposition, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 48, 674–691.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Haga, S., Akai, K., and Ishii, T. (1989) Demonstration of microglial cells in and around senile (neuritic) plaques in the Alzheimer brain, Acta. Neuropathol. 77, 569–575.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ganter, U., Strauss, S., Jonas, U., Weidemann, A., Beyreuther, K., Volk, B., Berger, M., and Bauer, J. (1991) Alpha 2-macroglobulin synthesis in interleukin-6 stimulated human neuronal (SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma) cells. Potential significance for the processing of Alzheimer 3-amyloid precursor protein, FEBS Letters 282, 127–131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Castel], J.V., Gomez-Lechôn, M.J., David, M., Andus, T., Geier, T., Trullenque, R., Farbra, R., and Heinrich, P.C. (1989) Interleukin-6 is the major regulator of acute phase protein synthesis in adult human hepatocytes, FEBS Letters 242, 237–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Das, S. and Potter, H. (1995) Expression of the Alzheimer amyloid-promoting factor antichymotrypsin is induced in human astrocytes by IL-1, Neuron 14, 447–456.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Dustin, M.L., Rothlein, R., Bhan, A.K., Dinarello, C.A., and Springer, T.A. (1986) Induction by IL-1 and interferon: Tissue distribution, biochemistry, and function of a natural adherence molecule (ICAM-1), J. Immunol. 137, 245–254.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Dickson, D.W., Lee, S.C., Mattiace, L.A., Yen, S.-H.C., and Brosnan, C. (1993) Microglia and cytokines in neurological disease, with special reference to AIDS and Alzheimer’s disease, Glia 7, 75–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Griffin, W.S.T., Sheng, J.G., Roberts, G.W., and Mrak, R.E. (1995) Interleukin-1 expression in different plaque types in Alzheimer’s disease: Significance in plaque evolution, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 54, 276–281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Uchihara, T., Akiyama, H., Kondo, H., and Ikeda, K. (1997) Activated microglial cells are colocalized with perivascular deposits of amyloid-beta protein in Alzheimer’s disease brain, Stroke 28, 1948–1950.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Maat, S.M., van-Duinen, S.G., Rozemuller, A.J., Haan, J., and Roos, R.A. (1997) Association of vascular amyloid beta and cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system in hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch) and Alzheimer disease, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 56, 273–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Verbeek, M.M., Otte-Höller, I., Ruiter, D.J., and de Waal, R.M.W. (1999) Human brain pericytes as a model system to study the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular amyloidosis in Alzheimer’s disease, Cell. Mol. Biol. 45, 37–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Huang, J., Kim, L.J., Mealey, R., Marsh-HC, J., Zhang, Y., Tenner, A.J., Connolly-ES, J., and Pinsky, D.J. (1999) Neuronal protection in stroke by an sLex-glycosylated complement inhibitory protein, Science 285, 595–599.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Yamaguchi, H., Yamazaki, T., Lemere, C.A., Frosch, M.P., and Selkoe, D.J. (1992) Beta amyloid is focally deposited within the outer basement membrane in the amyloid angiopathy of Alzheimer’s disease, Am. J. Pathol. 141, 249–259.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Narindrasorasak, S., Altman, R.A., Gonzalez-DeWhitt, P., Greenberg, B.D., and Kisilevsky, R. (1995) An interaction between basement membrane and Alzheimer amyloid precursor proteins suggests a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, Lab. Invest. 72, 272–282.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Weller, R.O., Massey, A., Newman, T.A., Hutchings, M., Kuo, Y.M., and Roher, A.E. (1998) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: amyloid beta accumulates in putative interstitial fluid drainage pathways in Alzheimer’s disease, Am. J. Pathol. 153, 725–733.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Summers, J.B., Hill, W.D., Prendergast, M.A., and Buccafusco, J.J. (1998) Co-localization of apolipoprotein E and beta-amyloid in plaques and cerebral blood vessels of aged non-human primates, Alzheimer’s Reports 1, 119–128.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. LaDu, M.J., Falduto, M.T., Manelli, A.M., Reardon, C.A., Getz, G.S., and Frail, D.E. (1994) Isoform-specific binding of Apolipoprotein E to 13-amyloid, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 23403–23406.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Castillo, G.M., Lukito, W., Wight, T.N., and Snow, A.D. (1999) The sulfate moieties of glycosaminoglycans are critical for the enhancement of beta-amyloid protein fibril formation, J. Neurochem. 72, 1681–1687.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Bronfman, F.C., Garrido, J., Alvarez, A., Morgan, C., and Inestrosa, N.C. (1996) Laminin inhibits amyloid-beta-peptide fibrillation, Neurosci. Lett. 218, 201–203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Rogers, J., Cooper, N.R., Webster, S., Schultz, J., McGeer, P.L., Styren, S.D., Civin, W.H., Brachova, L., Bradt, C., Ward, P., and Lieberburg, I. (1992) Complement activation by 13-amyloid in Alzheimer disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 10016–10020.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Olichney, J.M., Hansen, L.A., Galasko, D., Saitoh, T., Hofstetter, C.R., Katzman, R., and Thal, L.J. (1996) The apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele is associated with increased neuritic plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer’s disease and Lewy body variant, Neurology 47, 190–196.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Premkumar, D.R.D., Cohen, D.L., Hedera, P., Friedland, R.P., and Kalaria, R.N. (1996) Apolipoprotein E-c4 alleles in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cerebrovascular pathology associated with Alzheimer’s disease, Am. J. Pathol. 148, 2083–2095.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Greenberg, S.M., Rebeck, G.W., Vonsattel, J.-P., Gomez-Isla, T., and Hyman, B.T. (1995) Apolipoprotein E c4 and cerebral hemorrhage associated with amyloid angiopathy, Ann. Neurol. 38, 254–259.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Greenberg, S.M., Vonsattel, J.P., Segal, A.Z., Chiu, R.I., Clatworthy, A.E., Liao, A., Hyman, B.T., and Rebeck, G.W. (1998) Association of apolipoprotein E epsilon2 and vasculopathy in cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Neurology 50, 961–965.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Greenberg, S.M., Briggs, M.E., Hyman, B.T., Kokoris, G.J., Takis, C., Kanter, D.S., Kase, C.S., and Pessin, M.S. (1996) Apolipoprotein E e4 is associated with the presence and earlier onset of hemorrhage in cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Stroke 27, 1333–1337.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Wisniewski, T., Castafo, E.M., Golabek, A., Vogel, T., and Frangione, B. (1994) Acceleration of Alzheimer’s fibril formation by apolipoprotein E in vitro, Am. J. Pathol. 145, 1030–1035.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Zlokovic, B.V., Martel, C.L., Mackic, J.B., Matsubara, E., Wisniewski, T., McComb, J.G., Frangione, B., and Ghiso, J. (1994) Brain uptake of circulating apolipoproteins J and E complexed to Alzheimer’s amyloid ß, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 205, 14311437.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Xu, P.T., Gilbert, J.R., Qiu, H.L., Ervin, J., Rothrock, C.T., Hulette, C., and Schmechel, D.E. (1999) Specific regional transcription of apolipoprotein E in human brain neurons, Am. J. Pathol. 154, 601–611.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

De Waal, R.M.W., Verbeek, M.M. (2000). Aβ-Associated Proteins in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. In: Verbeek, M.M., de Waal, R.M.W., Vinters, H.V. (eds) Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1007-7_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1007-7_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5480-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-1007-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics