Abstract
Since ancient times mankind has exploited nature for all kinds of useful products and enjoyed the colors, flavors and fragrances of flowers, food etc. Presently, many fine chemicals are derived from plants and used as medicaments, dyes, flavors, fragrances, insecticides, etc. Originally most drugs were derived from plants, however, after the first successful introduction of synthetic drugs such as aspirin about 100 years ago, gradually synthesis became the most important source for drug development. Only in case of antibiotics and antitumor compounds, nature remained a major source for drug development. Major reason was the difficulty in finding the active compounds in crude extracts, assays using whole animals or isolated organs for testing activity are not suited for rapid bioassay guided fractionation of extracts. The methods for the antibiotic and antitumor activity on the other hand were more suitable for this purpose, explaining the success of natural products in these fields. In the past years, however, with the development of assays on the level of molecules (receptor binding and enzyme inhibition) a complete new perspective for natural products as the source for new leads has evolved. High throughput screens now allow the testing of thousands of samples per day. In combination with rapid and efficient separation methods and powerful spectrometric methods for identification and structure elucidation, active compounds from extracts from plants or any natural source can rapidly be identified. To fully exploit these new possibilities prefractionation of extracts and HPLC-on line bioassays are important tools to open up the full potential of nature. It offers the possibility to also find minor compounds and find new active components in the presence of known compounds. At the same time the developments in biotechnology are important in this connection. Plant cell biotechnology offers the possibility to produce compounds of rare plants. Moreover, metabolic engineering can be used for improving productivity in plant and plant cell cultures, and even result in the production of complete new compounds (recombinatorial biochemistry). Using the biochemical capacities of plants or microorganisms, bioconversions as part of synthetic approaches to complex molecules are a further important aspect of modern biotechnology. These new perspectives have resulted in a rapidly expanding interest in natural products research, further supported by the developing awareness that in our food many secondary metabolites are present that play an important role in preventing diseases (e.g. cholesterol lowering, antioxidants). Food industry is thus now putting a large effort in studies of the secondary metabolites involved, eventually resulting in improved quality of our food, including the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Baker, J.T., Bonis, R.P., Carte, B., Cordell, G.A., Soejarto, D.D., Cragg, G.M., Gupta, M.P., Iwu, M.W., Madulid, D.R. and Tyler, V.E. (1995). Natural product drug discovery and development: new perspectives on international collaboration. J. Nat. Prod., 58, 1325–1357.
Berlin, J., Ruegenhagen, C., Dietze, P., Fecker, L., Goddijn, O.J.M. and Hoge, J.H.C. (1993). Increased production of serotonin by suspension and root cultures of Peganum harmala transformed with a tryptophan decarboxylase cDNA clone from Catharanthus roseus. Transgen. Res. 2, 336–344.
Berlin, J. and Fecker, L.F. (2000). Genetic engineering of enzymes diverting amino acids into secondary metabolsim. In R. Verpoorte and A.W. Alfermann (Eds.), Metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolism (pp. 195–216 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press.
Bohlin, L. and Bruhn, J.G. (Eds.) (1999). Bioassay methods in natural product research and drug development. Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe. (Vol. 43 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Buss, A.D. (1990). Bioassay methods in natural product research and drug development. In L. Bohlin and J.G. Bruhn (Eds.), Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe. (Vol. 43, pp. 183–193 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Canel, C., Lopez-Cardoso, M.I., Whitmer, S., van der Fits, L., Pasquali, G.,van der Heijden, R., Hoge, J.H.C., and Verpoorte, R. (1998). Effects of over-expression of strictosidine synthase and tryptophan decarboxylase on alkaloid production by cell cultures of Catharanthus roseus. Planta, 205, 414–419.
Chapman and Hall (1998). Dictionary Natural Products on CD-ROM,London.
Chavadej, S., Brisson, N. and McNeil, J.N. (1994). Redirection of tryptophan leads to production of low indole glucosinolate canola. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 2166–2170.
Cordell, G.A. (1995). Changing strategies in natural products chemistry. Phytochemistry, 40, 1585–1612.
Corley, D.G. and Durley, R.C. (1994). Strategies for dtabase dereplication of natural products. J. Nat. Prod., 57, 1484–1490.
Cragg, G.M. (1998). Paclitaxel (Taxol): a success story with valuable lessons for natural product discovery and development. Med. Res. Rev., 18, 315–331
Cragg, G.M., Schepartz, S.A., Suffness, M. and Greyer, M.R. (1993). The taxol supply crisis. New NCI policies for handling the large-scale production of novel natural product anticancer and anti-HIV agents. J. Nat. prod., 56, 1657–1668.
Cragg, G.M., Newman, D.J. and Snader, K.M. (1997). Natural products in drug discovery and development. J. Nat. Prod., 60, 52–60.
Dagnino, D., Schripsema, J. and Verpoorte, R (1994). Terpenoid indole alkaloid biotransformation of suspension cultures of Tabernaemontana divaricata. Phytochemistry, 35, 671–676.
Davies, K.M. (2000). Plant colour and fragrance. In R. Verpoorte and A.W. Alfermann (Eds.), Metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolism (pp. 127–163 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press.
De Luca, V. and St-Pierre, B. (2000). The cell and developmental biology of alkaloid biosynthesis. Trends Plant Sci., 5, 168–173.
dos Santos, R, Schripsema, J. and Verpoorte, R. (1994). Ajmalicine metabolism in Catharanthus roseus cell cultures. Phytochemistry, 35, 677–681.
The EU Arabidopsis Genome project (1998). Nature, 391, 485.
Foucault, A.P. (1994). Centrifugal partitioning chromatography. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.
Fu, T.J., Singh, G. and Curtis, W.R. (1999). Plant Cell and Tissue Culture for the Production of Food Ingredients. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press.
Fuyita, Y. and Tabata, M. (1987). Secondary metabolites from plant cells–Pharmaceutical applications and progress in commercial production. In C. E. Green et al. (Eds.), Plant tissue and cell culture (pp. 169–185 ). New York: Alan R. Riss.
Geerlings, A. (1999). Strictosidine ß-glucosidase.Doctoral Dissertation, Leiden University, The Netherlands
Geerlings, A., Verpoorte, R, van der Heijden, R. and Memelink, J. (1998). A method for producing terpenoidindole alkaloids. International Patent Application PCT/NL99/00733, EP 98204116. 2
Geerlings, A., Redondo, F.J., Contin, A., Memelink, J., van der Heijden, R. and Verpoorte, R (2001). Biotransformation of tryptamine and secologanin into plant terpenoid indole alkaloids by transgenic yeast. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 56, 420–424.
Goddijn, O.J.M., Pennings, E.J.M. van der Helm, P. Verpoorte, R. and Hoge, J.H.C. (1995). Overexpression of a tryptophan decarboxylase cDNA in Catharanthus roseus crown gall calli results in increased tryptamine levels but not in increased terpenoid indole alkaloid production. Transgen. Res. 4, 315–323.
Grotewold, E., Chamberlin, Snook, M. Siame, Butler, M. Swenson, B. Maddock, L., St Clair, G. J. S. and Bowen, B. (1998). Engineering secondary metabolism in maize cells ectopic expression of transcription factors. Plant Cell, 10, 721–740.
Hain, R, Bieseler, B. Kindl, H. Schroder, G. and Stocker, R. (1990). Expression of a stilbene synthase gene in Nicotiana tabacum results in synthesis of the phytoalexin resveratrol. Plant Mol. Biol., 15, 325–335.
Hain, R., Reif, H.J., Krause, E., Langebartels, R., Kindl, H., Vornam, B.,Wiese, W., Schmelzer, E., Schreier, P.H., Stoecker, R.H. and Stenzel, K. (1993). Disease resistance results from foreign phytoalexin expression in a novel plant. Nature, 361, 153–156.
Hain, R. and Grimmig, B. (2000). Modification of plant secondary metabolism by genetic engineering. In R. Verpoorte and A.W. Alfermann (Eds), Metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolism (pp.. 217–231 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press.
Hall, R.D. and Yeoman, M.M. (1986). Temporal and spatial heterogeneity in the accumulation of anthocyanins in cell cultures of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don. J. Exp. Bot., 37, 48–60.
Hall, R.D. and Yeoman, M.M. (1986). Factors determining anthocyanin yield in cell cultures of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. New Phytol, 103, 33–43.
Hallard, D. (2000). Transgenic plant cells for the production of indole alkaloids. Doctoral Dissertation, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
Harvey, A.L. (1999). Medicines from nature: are natural products still relevant to drug discovery? Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 20, 196–198.
Hashimoto, T., Hayashi, A., Amano, Y., Kohno, J., Iwanari, H., Usuda, S. and Yamada, Y. (1991). Hyoscyamine 613-hydroxylase, an enzyme involved in tropane alkaloid biosynthesis, is localized at the pericycle of the root. J. Biol Chem., 266, 4648–4653.
Hashimoto,T., Yun, D.-J. and Yamada, Y. (1993). Production of tropane alkaloids in genetically engineered root cultures. Phytochemistry, 32, 713–718.
Henkel, T, Brunne, R.M., Mueller, H. and Reichel, F. (1999). Statistical investigation into the structural complementarity of natural products and synthetic compounds. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 38, 643–647.
Hibion, K. and Ushiyama, K. (1999). Commercial production of Ginseng by plant cell culture technology. In T.J. Fu, G. Singh and W.R. Curtis (Eds.), Plant cell and tissue culture for the production of food ingredients (pp. 215–224 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Hill, D.C. (1998). Advanced screening technology and informatics for natural products drug discovery. In A.L. Harvey (Ed.), Advanced Drug Discovery Techniques (pp. 25–37). Chichester, UK:. Wiley.
Hogan, J.C. (1997). Combinatorial chemistry in drug discovery. Nature Biotechnol., 15, 328–330.
Homans, A.L. and Fuchs, A. (1970). Direct bioautography on thin-layer chromatograms as a method for detecting fungitoxic substances. J. Chromatogr., 51, 327–329.
Hook, D.J., Pack, E.J., Yacobucci, J.J. and Guss, J. (1997). Approaches to automating the dereplication of bioactive natural products - The key step in high throughput screening of bioactie materials form natural sources. J. Biomol. Screening, 2, 145–152
Hooykaas, P.J.J. (2000). In R Verpoorte and A.W. Alfermann (Eds.), Metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolism (pp. 51–67 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press.
Ingkaninan, K., Hermans-Lokkerbol, A. and Verpoorte, R (1999a). Comparison of some Centrifugal Partition Chromatography systems for a general separation of plant extracts. J. Liq. Chrom. and Rel. TechnoL, 22, 885–896.
Ingkaninan, K., von Frijtag Drabbe Kuenzel, J.K., Uzerman, A.P. and Verpoorte, R (1999b). Interference of linoleic acid fraction in some receptor binding assays. J. Nat. Prod., 62, 912–914.
Ingkaninan, K., Uzerman, A.P., Taesotikul, T. and Verpoorte, R. (1999c). Isolation of opioid-active compounds from Tabernaemontana pachysiphon leaves. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 51, 1441–1446.
Ingkaninan, K., de Best, C.M., van der Heijden, R., Hofte, A.J.P., Karabatak, B., Irth, H., Tjaden, U.R., van der Greef, J. and Verpoorte, R. (2000). HPLC with on-line coupled UV, mass spectrometric and biochemical detection for identification of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from natural products. J. Chromatogr. A, 872, 61–73.
Jang, M.S., Cai, E.N., Udeani, G.O., Slowing, K.V., Thomas, C.F., Beecher, C.W.W., Fong, H.H.S., Farnsworth, N.R., Kinghorn, A.D., Mehta, R.G., Moon, R.C. and Pezzuto, J.M. (1997). Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes. Science, 275, 218–220.
Jaspars, M. (1999). Computer assisted structure elucidation of natural products using two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Nat. Prod. Rep., 16, 241–248.
Kingston, D.G.I. (2000). Recent advances in the chemistry of taxol. J. Nat. Prod., 63, 726–734.
Koch, C., Neumann, T., Thiericke, R. and Grabley, S. (1999). A central natural product pool–New approach in drug discovery strategies. In S. Grabley and R. Thiericke (Eds.), Drug Discovery fro Nature (pp. 51–55 ). Berlin: Springer Verlag.
Leech, M.J., Burtin, D., Hallard, D., Hilliou, F., Kemp, B., Palacios, N., Rocha, P., O’Callaghan, D., Verpoorte, R., and Christou, P. (2000). Particle gun methodology as a tool in metabolic engineering. In R. Verpoorte and A.W. Alfermann (Eds.), Metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolism (pp. 69–86 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press.
Lloyd, A.M., Walbot, V. and Davis, R.W. (1992). Arabidopsis and Nicotiana anthocyanin production activated by maize regulators R and Cl. Science, 258, 1773–1775.
Luckner, M. (1990). Secondary metabolism in microorganisms, plants, and animals. New York: Springer Verlag.
Madduri, K., Kennedy, J. and Rivola, G. (1998). Production of the antitumor drug epirubicin (4“-epidoxorubicin) and its precursor by a genetically engineered strain of Streptomyces peucetius. Nature Biotechnol., 156, 69–74.
Maher, E.A., Bate, N.J., Ni, W.T., Elkind, Y., Dixon, R.A. and Lamb, C.J. (1994). Increased disease susceptibility of transgenic tobacco plants with suppressed levels of preformed phenylpropanoids products. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 7802–7806.
Martin, C. (1996). Transcription factors and the manipulation of plant traits. Curr Biol, 7, 130–138.
Massiot, G., Lavaud, C. and Nuzillard, J.M. (1999). Structure elucidation of plant secondary products. In B.N.J. Walton and D.E. Browne (Eds.), Chemistry of plants (pp. 187–214 ). London: Imperial College Press.
McAlpine, J.B., Pazoles, C. and Stafford, A. (1999). Bioassay methods in natural product research and drug development. In L. Bohlin and J.G. Bruhn, (Eds.),. Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe (Vol. 43, pp. 159–166 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Memelink, J., Menke, F.L.H., van der Fits, L. and Kijne, J.W. (2000). Transcriptional regulators to modify secondary metabolism. In R. Verpoorte and A.W. Alfermann (Eds.), Metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolism. (pp. 111–125 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press.
Menke, F.L.H. (1999). Elicitor signal transduction in Catharanthus roseus leading to terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthetic gene expression. Doctoral Dissertation, Leiden University.
Menke, F.L.H., Champion, A., Kijne, J.W. and Memelink, J. (1999a). A novel jasmonate-and elicitor-responsive element in the periwinkle secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene Str interacts with a jasmonate-and elicitor-inducible AP2-domain transcription factor, ORCA2. EMBO J 18, 4455–4463.
Menke, F.L.H., Parchmann, S., Mueller, M.J., Kijne, J.W. and Memelink, J. (1999b). Involvement of the octadecanoid pathway and protein phosphorylation in fungal elicitor-induced expression of terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthetic genes in Catharanthus roseus. Plant Physiol., 119, 1289–1296.
Oksman-Caldentey, K.M. and Arroo, R. (2000). In R. Verpoorte and A.W. Alfermann (Eds.), Metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolism (pp. 253–280 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press.
Oosterkamp, A.J., Hock, B., Seifert, M. and Irth, H. (1997a). Novel monitoring strategies for xenoestrogens. Trends Anal. Chem., 16, 544–553.
Oosterkamp, A.J., Irth, Villaverde Herraiz, H. M.T., Tjaden, U.R. and van der Greef, J. (1997b). Theoretical concepts of on-line liquid chromatographic-biochemical detection systems. I. detection systems based on labelled ligands. J. Chromatogr. A, 787, 27–35.
Pallas, J.A., Paiva, N.L., Lamb, C. and Dixon, R.A. (1996). Tobacco plants epigenetically suppressed in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase expression do not develop systemic acquired resistance in response to infection by tobacco mosaic virus. Plant J., 10, 281–293.
Paululat, T., Tang, Y.Q., Grabley, S. and Thiericke, R. (1999). Combinatorial chemistry. The impact of natural products. Chim. Oggi, 17, 52–56.
Pimm, S.L., Russell, G.J. and Gittleman, T.M. (1995). The future of biodiversity. Science, 269, 347–350.
Quinn, R.J. (1998). Browsing biodiversity: HTS and natural products libraries. Chem. Aust., 65, 8–11.
Quinn, R.J. (1999). QPRI’s system for screening natural products. In L. Bohlin and J.G. Bruhn (Eds.), Bioassay methods in natural product research and drug development. Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe (Vol. 43, pp. 151–158 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Robbins, M.P. and Morris, P. (2000). Metabolic engineering of condensed tannins and other phenolic pathways in forage and fodder crops. In R. Verpoorte and A.W. Alfermann (Eds), Metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolism, (pp. 165–177 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press.
Salas, A. and Mendez, C. (1998). Genetic manipulation of antitumor agent biosynthesis to produce novel drugs. TIBTECH, 16, 475–482.
Sato, F., Endo, T. Hashimoto, T. and Yamada, Y. (1982). Production of berberine in cultures of Coptis japonica cells. In A. Fujiwara (Ed.), Plant Tissue Culture (pp. 319–327 ), Mazuren, Tokyo.
Sato, F. and Yamada, Y. (1984). High berberine producing cultured Coptis japonica cells. Phytochemistry, 23, 281–285.
Schripsema, J., Dagnino, D., dos Santos, R. and Verpoorte, R. (1994). Breakdown of indole alkaloids in suspension cultures of Tabernaemontana divaricata and Catharanthus roseus. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 38, 301–307.
Schripsema, J., Fung, S.Y. and Verpoorte, R. (1996). Screening of plant cell cultures for new industrially interesting compounds. In F. DiCosmo and M. Misawa (Eds.), Plant Cell Culture Secondary Metabolism. Toward Industrial Application (pp. 1–10 ). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
Shu, Y.Z. (1998). Recent natural products based drug development: a pharmaceutical industry. J.Nat. Prod. 61, 1053–1071.
Siebert, M., Sommer, S., Li, S.-M., Wang, Z., Severin, K. and Heide, L. (1996). Genetic engineering of plant secondary metabolism. Accumulation of 4-hydroxybenzoate glucosides results from the expression of the bacterial ubiC gene in tobacco. Plant PhysioL, 112, 811–819.
Soleas, T.J., Diamandis, E.P and Goldberg, D.M. (1997). Resveratrol–a molecule whose time has come–and gone. Clin. Biochem., 30, 91–113.
Somerville, C. and Somerville, S. (1999). Plant functional genomics. Science, 285, 380–383.
St-Pierre, B., Vazquez-Flota, F.A. and De Luca, V. (1999). Multicellular compartmentation of Catharanthus roseus alkaloid biosynthesis predicts intercellular translocation of a pathway intermediate. Plant Cell, 11, 887–900.
Valkema, F. (1999). Organon investeert in high speed synthesis. Chem. Weekblad, 16, 9.
van der Heijden, R, Threlfall, D.R., Verpoorte, R. and Whitehead, I.M. (1989). Regulation and enzymology of pentacyclic triterpenoid phytoalexin biosynthesis in cell suspension cultures of Tabernaemontana divaricata. Phytochemistry, 28, 2981–2988.
van der Heijden, R. and Verpoorte, R (1989). Cell and tissue culture of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don: a literature survey. Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult., 18, 231–280.
van der Fits, L. (2000). Transcriptional regulation of stress-induced plant secondary metabolism. Doctoral Dissertation, Leiden University.
van der Fits, L. and Memelink, J. (2000). ORCA3, a jasmonate-responsive transcriptional regulator of plant primary and secondary metabolism. Science, 289, 295–297.
van der Fits, L., Mang, H. Menke, F.L.H., Deneka, M. and Memelink, J. (2000). A Catharanthus roseus BPF-1 homologue interacts with an elicitor-responsive region of the secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene Str and is induced by elicitor via a JA-independent signal transduction pathway. Plant Mol. Biol.,in press.
van Gulik, W.M, Meijer, J.J., van der Heijden, R., Verpoorte, R. and ten Hoopen, H.J.G. (1988). Feasibility of raubasine production by cell cultures of Catharanthus roseus. Report of Biotechnology Delft Leiden.
Verberne, M., Verpoorte, R., van Tegelen, L.J.P., Moreno, P.R.H., Croes, A.F., Wullems, G.J., Bol, J.F. and Linthorst, H.J.M. (1998). Salicylic acid pathway genes and their use for the induction of resistance in plants. International Patent Application no 9 62 00 3189, 31/03/98, 6049 US P, 04/04/98 6049 US P2.
Verberne, M., Verpoorte, R, Bol, J.F., Mercado-Blanco, J. and Linthorst, H.J.M. (2000). Overproduction of salicylic acid in plants by bacterial trabnsgenes enhances pathogen resistance. Nature Biotechnol, 18, 779–783.
Verhoeyen, M., Muir, S., Collins, G., Bovy, A. and de Vos, R. (2000). Increasing flavonoid levels in tomatoes by means of metabolic engineering. Abstract at the 10`x` Symposium ALW-Discussion group Secondary metabolism in plant and plant cell.
Verpoorte, R. (1986). Methods in structure elucidation of alkaloids. J. Nat. Prod., 49, 1–25.
Verpoorte, R (1998). Exploration of nature’s chemodiversity: the role of secondary metabolites as lead for drug development. Drug Development Today, 3, 232–238.
Verpoorte, R. (2000). Pharmacognosy in the new millenium: leadfinding and biotechnology. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 52, 253–262.
Verpoorte, R and Alfermann, A.W. (2000). Metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolism. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Verpoorte, R., van der Heijden, R., van Gulik, W.M. and ten Hoopen, H.J.G. (1991). Plant biotechnology for the production of alkaloids: present status and prospects. In A. Brossi (Ed.), The Alkaloids (Vol. 40, pp. 1–187 ). San Diego: Academic Press.
Verpoorte, R, van der Heijden, R, Schripsema, J., Hoge, J.H.C. and ten Hoopen, H.J.G. (1993). Plant Cell biotechnology for the production of alkaloids: present status and prospects. J. Nat. Prod, 56, 186–207.
Verpoorte, R., van der Heijden, R. and Memelink, J. (1998). Plant biotechnology and the production of alkaloids. Prospects of metabolic engineering. In G.A. Cordell (Ed.), The Alkaloids (Vol. 50, pp. 453–508 ), San Diego: Academic Press.
Verpoorte, R., van der Heijden, R., ten Hoopen, H.J.G. and Memelink, J. (1999). Metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolite pathways for the production of fine chemicals. Biotechnol. Lett., 21, 467–479.
Viktorin, M. (1999). Das Heilmittel aus der Weidenrinde: 100 Jahre Aspirin. Laborpraxis, 23, 82–85.
Westphal, K. (1990). Large-scale production of new biologically active compounds in plant cell cultures. In H.J.J. Nijkamp, L.H.W. van der Plas and J. van Aartrijk (Eds.), Progress in plant cellular and molecular biology.(pp. 601–660 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Whitmer, S. (1999). Aspects of terpenoid indole alkaloid formation by transgenic cell lines of Catharanthus roseus over-expressing tryptophan decarboxylase and strictosidine synthase. Doctoral Dissertation, Leiden University, 1999.
Wolfender, J.L., Rodriguez, S. and Hostettmann, K. (1998a). Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the screening of plant constituents. J. Chromatogr., A794, 299–316chemistry. Curr.
Wolfender, J.L., Ndjoko, K. and Hostettmann, K. (1998b). LC/NMR in natural products Org. Chem., 2, 575–596.
Yun, D.-J., Hashimoto, T. and Yamada, Y. (1992). Metabolic engineering of medicinal plants; Transgenic Atropa belladonna with an improved alkaloid composition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 11799–11803.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Verpoorte, R., Ingkaninan, K., Memelink, J., Van Der Heijden, R. (2002). New Perspectives for Plant Secondary Metabolite Production. In: Rauter, A.P., Palma, F.B., Justino, J., Araújo, M.E., dos Santos, S.P. (eds) Natural Products in the New Millennium: Prospects and Industrial Application. Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe, vol 47. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9876-7_35
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9876-7_35
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6186-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-015-9876-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive