Abstract
Comet simulation experiments are discussed, in the context of physical models and the results in cometary physics, gathered especially from the GIOTTO space mission to comet P’Halley. The “status of the today knowledge” about comets, the experiments could start from, is briefly reviewed. The setup of the KOSI (German = Kometen Simulation) — experiments and the techniques to produce cometary analogous material, on the basis of that knowledge are described in general, as for the different KOSI experiments. The limitations of the simulation of physical processes at the surface of real comets in an earth-bound laboratory are discussed, and the possibilities to receive common insights in cometary physics are shown. Methods and procedures are described, and the major results reviewed. As with attempting to reproduce any natural phenomenon in the laboratory, there are short-comings to these experiments, but there are possibly major new insights to be gained. Physical laws only have the same consequences under same experimental or environmental conditions. A number of small-scale comet simulation experiments have been performed, since the early 60ties in many laboratories, but the largest and most ambitious series of comet simulation experiments to date were performed between 1987 and 1993 using the German space agency’s (DLR) space hardware testing facilities in Cologne. These experiments were triggered by the scientific community after the comet P’Halley’s recurrence in 1986 and the many data gathered by the space missions in this year. Simulation experiments have proved valuable in developing methods for making cometary analogues, and for exploring specific properties of such materials in detail. These experiments provided new insights into the morphology and physical behavior of aggregates formed out of silicate- /water-ice -grains likely to exist in comets. The formation of a dust mantle on the surface, and a system of ice layers below the mantle from the different admixed materials, have been detected after the insolation of the artificial comet. The mechanisms for heat transfer between the comet’s surface and its interior, compositional, structural, and isotopic changes that occur near the comet’s surface, were described by modeling in accordance with the experimental results. The mechanisms of the ejection of dust and ice grains from the surface, and the importance of gas-drag in propelling grains were investigated by close-up video cameras.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Atzei, A., Coradini M., and Schwehm G. (1992), Rosetta comet-nucleus sample return mission. Ann. Geophysicae 10, 121–122.
Bailey, M. E., Clube S. V. M., and Napier W. M. (1986) The origin of comets. Vistas Astron. 29, 53–112.
Bar-Nun, A. (1991) Comet simulation experiments as a prelude to the Craf and Rosetta missions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 289–291.
Bar-Nun A., Herman G., Laufer D., and Rappaport M. L. (1985) Trapping and release of gases and water ice and implications for icy bodies. Icarus 63, 317–332.
Battrick B., Rolfe E. J. and Reinhard R., eds. (1986) 20th ESLAB Symposium on the Exploration of Halley’s Comet. European Space Agency, Special Report 250. Noordwijk, The Netherlands.
Benkhoff J. and Spohn T. (1991) Thermal histories of the KOSI samples. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 261–264.
Brin G. D. and Mendis D. A. (1979) Dust release and mantle development in comets. Astrophys. J. 229, 402–408.
Brownlee D. E. (1985) Cosmic dust: Collection and research. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 13, 147–173.
Campins H. and Swindle T. D. (1998) Expected characteristics of cometary meteorites. Meteoritic. Planet. Sci. (submitted).
Clausing P., Über die Strömung sehr verdünnter Gase durch Röhren von beliebiger Länge. Ann. Phys. Ser. 5, 12, 961-989, 1932.
Colangeli L., Bussoletti E., and Schwehm G. (1989) Physical models of cometary nuclei: A review. In Physics and Mechanics of Cometary Materials, (Hunt J. and Guyenne T. D., eds.), pp. 17-22. European Space Agency, Spec. Pub. 302.
Colangeli L., Bussoletti E., and Mennella V. (1992a) Models of cometary nuclei and future space missions. Ann. Geophysicae 10, 178–183.
Colangeli L., Baratta G. A., Bianco A., Bussoletti E., Fonti S., Mennella V., Orofino V., and Strazzulla G. (1992b) The composition of cometary materials: laboratory results. Ann. Geophysicae 10, 184–189.
Degewij and Tedesco (1979) Do comets evolve into asteroids? Evidence from physical studied. In Comets. (L. L. Wilkening, ed.), pp. 665–695. University of Arizona, Tucson.
Delsemme A. H. (1977) Comets, Asteroids, Meteorites. University of Toledo, Ohio.
Dobrovolsky O. V. and Kajmakow E. (1977) Surface phenomena in simulated cometary nuclei. In Comets, Asteroids, Meteorites. (A. H. Delsemme, ed.), pp. 37–46. University of Toledo, Ohio.
Dobrovolsky O. V., Ibadinov K. I., Aliev S., and Gerasimenko S. I. (1986) Thermal regime and surface structure of periodic comet nuclei. In 20th ESLAB Symposium on the Exploration of Halley’s Comet. (Battrick B., Rolfe E. J. and Reinhard R., eds.), pp. 389-394. European Space Agency, Spec. Pub. 250.
Donn B. (1991) The accumulation and structure of comets. (Newburn R. L., Neugebauer M., and Rahe J., eds.), pp. 335–359. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Donn B. and Hughes D. W. (1986) A fractal model of a cometary nucleus formed by random accretion. In 20th ESLAB Symposium on the exploration of Halley’s comet, volume III. (Battrick B., Rolfe E. J. and Reinhard R., eds.), pp. 523-524. European Space Agency, Spec. Pub. 250.
ESA SP-249 (1986) The Comet Nucleus Sample Return Mission. European Space Agency, Spec. Pub. 249.
Eiden M. J. and Coste P. A. (1992) The challenge of sample acquisition in cometary environment. Ann. Geophysicae 10, 131–140.
Espinasse S., Klinger J., Ritz C. and Schmitt B. (1991) Modeling of the thermal behavior and of the chemical differentiation of cometary nuclei. Icarus 92, 350–365.
Fanale F. P. and Savail J. R. (1984) An idealized short-period comet model: Surface insolation, H2O flux, and mantle evolution. Icarus 60, 476–511.
Fanale F. P. and Savail J. R. (1986) A model of cometary and gas dust production and non-gravitational force with application to P/Halley. Icarus 66, 154–164.
Ferri, F., Rotundi, A., Farrelly, F.A., and Fulchignoni, M., A planetary atmosphere simulator: application to Titan, Planet. Space Sci., Vol. 45, No. 2, 189–200, 1997.
Gombosi T. I. and Houpis H. L. F. (1986) An icy-glue model of cometary nuclei. Nature 324, 43–44.
Greenberg J. M. (1977) From interstellar dust to comets to dust. In Comets, Asteroids, Meteorites. (A. H. Delsemme, ed.), pp. 491–497. University of Toledo, Ohio.
Greenberg J. M. (1982) What are comets made of? A model based on interstellar dust. In Comets. (L. L. Wilkening, ed.), pp. 131–163. University of Arizona, Tucson.
Greenberg J. M. (1986) Fluffy comets. In Asteroids, comets, meteoroids II. (Lagerkvist C.-I., Lindblad B. A., Lundstedt H., and Rickman H., eds.), pp. 221-223.
Grewing M., Praderie F., and Reinhard R. (1988) Exploration of Halley’s Comet. 984 pp. Springer, Heidelberg.
Grün E. and Jessberger E. K. (1990) Dust. In Physics and Chemistry of Comets. (Huebner W. F., ed.), pp. 113–176. Springer, Berlin.
Grün E., Kochan H., Roessler K., and Stöffler D. (1987) Simulation of cometary nuclei. In Diversity and similarity of comets, 501-508. European Space Agency, Spec. Pub. 278.
Grün E., Kochan H., and Seidensticker K. J. (1991a) Laboratory simulation: A tool for comet research. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 245–248.
Grün E., Benkhoff J., Heidrich R., Hesselbarth R., Kohl H., and Kührt E. (1991a) Energy balance of the KOSI 4 experiment. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 253–256.
Grün E., Bar-Nun A., Benkhoff J., Bischoff A., Düren H., Hellmann H., Hesselbarth R., Hsiung P., Keller H. U., Klinger J., Knölker J., Kochan H., Kohi H., Kölzer G., Krankowsky D., Lämmerzahl P., Mauersberger K., Neukum G., Oehler A., Ratke L., Roessler K., Spohn T., Stöffler D. and Thiel K. (1991c) Laboratory simulation of cometary processes: Results from the first KOSI experiments. In Comets in the Post-Halley Era (Newburn R. L., Neugebauer M., and Rahe J., eds.), pp. 277–297. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Grün E., Benkhoff I, and Gebhard J. (1992) Past, present and future KOSI comet simulation experiments. Ann. Geophysicae 10, 190–197.
Grün E., Gebhard J., Bar-Nun A., Benkhoff J., Duren H., Eich G., Hische R., Huebner W. F., Keller H. U., Klees G., Kochan H., Kölzer G., Kroker H., Kührt E., Lämmerzahl P., Lorenz E., Markiewicz W. J., Möhlmann D., Oehler A., Scholz J., Seidensticker K. J., Rössler K., Schwehm G., Steiner G., Thiel K., and Thomas H. (1993) Development of a dust mantle on the surface of an insolated ice-dust mixture: Results from the KOSI-9 experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 15091–15104.
Hesselbarth P., Krankowsky D., Lämmerzahl P., Mauersberger K., Winkler A., Hsiung P., and Roessler K. (1991) Gas release from ice/dust mixtures. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 269–272.
Hirao K. and Itoh T. (1986) The planet-A encounters. Nature 321, 294–297.
Hoskins M., ed. (1997) The Cambridge Illustrated History of Astronomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Horanyi M., Gombosi T. I., Cravens T. E., Körösmezey A., Kecskemety, Nagy K., and Szegö K. (1984) The friable sponge model of cometary nuclei. Astrophys. Jour. 278, 449–455.
Hsiung P. and Roessler K. (1989) CO2 depth profiles in cometary model substances of KOSI. In Proceedings of an International Workshop of Physics and Mechanics of Cometary Materials, (Hunt J. and Guyenne T. D., eds.), pp. 191-196. European Space Agency, Spec. Pub. 302.
Huebner W. F. (1987) First polymer in space identified in Comet Halley. Science 237, 628–630.
Huebner W. F., ed. (1990) Physics and Chemistry of Comets. Springer, Berlin. 376 pp.
Huebner W. F. (1991) The KOSI experiments. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 243.
Huebner W. F. and Boice D. C. (1992) On the 3D time-dependent modeling of comet nucleus surface layers. Ann. Geophysicae 10, 169–177.
Huebner W. F., Delamere W. A., Reitsema H., Keller H. U., Wilhelm K., Whipple F. L., Schmidt H. U. (1986) Dust-gas interaction deduced from Halley Multicolor Camera observations. In 20th ESLAB Symposium on the Exploration of Halley’s Comet (Battrick B., Rolfe E. J. and Reinhard R., eds.), pp. 363-364. European Space Agency, Special Report 250. Noordwijk, The Netherlands.
Hughes D. W. (1981) The size, mass, mass loss, and age of Halley’s comet. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 213, 103–109.
Hunt J. and Guyenne T. D., eds. (1989) Proceedings of an International Workshop of Physics and Mechanics of Cometary Materials. European Space Agency, Spec. Pub. 302.
Ibadinov K.I. and Kajmakov E.A. (1970), Formation and destruction of dust matrices during sublimation of dusty ice. Komety i Meteory, 19, 20–24.
Ibadinov K. I. and Aliev S. (1987) Sublimation characteristics of H2O comet nucleus with CO2 impurities. In Diversity and similarity of comets, 717–719. European Space Agency, Spec. Pub. 278.
Ibadinov Kh. I., Rahmonon A. A. and A. Sh. Bjasso (1991) Laboratory simulation of cometary structures. In Comets in the Post-Halley Era (Newburn R. L., Neugebauer M., and Rahe J., eds.), pp. 299–311. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Jackson W. M. (1991) Recent laboratory photochemical studies and their relationship to the photochemical formation of cometary radicals. In Comets in the Post-Halley Era (Newburn R. L., Neugebauer M., and Rahe J., eds.), pp. 313–332. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Jessberger H. L. and Kotthaus M. (1989) Compressive strength of synthetic comet nucleus samples. In Physics and Mechanics of Cometary Materials, (Hunt J. and Guyenne T. D., eds.), pp. 141-146. European Space Agency, Spec. Pub. 302.
Jessberger E. K., Christoridis A. and Kissel J. (1988) Aspects of the major element composition of Halley’s dust. Nature 332, 691–695.
Jewitt D. and Luu J. (1993) Discovery of candidate Kuiper Belt object 1992 QB1. Nature 362, 730–732.
Jewitt D. C. and Luu J. X. (1995) The solar system beyond Neptune. Astron. Jour. 109, 1867–1873.
Kajmakov, E.A. and V.I. Sharkov (1967a), Behaviour of water ice in vacuum at low temperatures, Komety i Meteory (Dushanbe) 15.16-20.
Kajmakov, E.A. and V.I. Sharkov (1967b), Sublimation of water ice in vacuum at low temperatures, Komety i Meteory (Dushanbe) 15.21-24.
Keller H. U. (1990) The Nucleus. In Physics and Chemistry of Comets (Huebner W. F., ed.), 13–68. Springer, Berlin.
Keller, H. U. (1989), Comets — Dirty Snowballs or Icy Dirtballs? Proc. of an International Workshop on Physics and Mechanics of Cometary Materials, Münster, ESA SP-302, 39-45.
Keller H. U. and Markiewicz W. J. (1991) KOSI? Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 249–252.
Keller H. U., Kramm R. and Thomas N. (1988) Surface features on the nucleus of Comet Halley. Nature 331, 227–231.
Klinger J., Benest D., Dollfus A. and Smoluchowski R. (1985) Ices in the Solar System. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Klinger J., Benkhoff J., Espinasse S., Grün E., Ip W., Joo F., Keller H. U., Kochan H., Kohl H., Roessler K., Seboldt W., Spohn T. and Thiel K. (1989) How far do results of recent simulation experiments fit current models of cometary nuclei? Proc, Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 19th, 493-497.
Kochan H. and Junglus Ch. (1993) From the space environment to the planetary surface, from hardware tests to physical experiments — a changing utilization of space simulators. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Environmental Testing for Space Programmes, 483-489. European Space Agency, Spec. Pub. 278.
Kochan H. and Koerver W. (1991) Dust emission phenomena of cometary analogues. Adv. Space Res. 11, (12)161-(12)174.
Kochan H., Feuerbacher B., Joo F., Klinger J., Seboldt W., Bischoff A., Düren A., Stöffler D., Spohn T., Fechtig H., Grün E., Kohl H., Krankowsky D., Rössler K., Thiel K., Schwehm G., and Weishuapt U. (1989a) Comet simulation experiments in the DFVLR space simulators. Adv. Space Res. 9, (3)113-(3)122.
Kochan H., Benkhoff J., Bischoff A., Fechtig H., Feuerbacher B., Grün E., Joo F., Klinger I, Kohl H., Krankowsky D., Rössler K., Seboldt W., Thiel K., Schwehm G., and Weishuapt U. (1989b) Laboratory simulation of a cometary nucleus: Experimental setup and first results. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 19th, 487-492.
Kochan H., Roessler K., Ratke L., Heyl M, Hellmann H., and Schwehm G. (1989c) Crustal strength of different model comet materials. In Physics and Mechanics of Cometary Materials, (Hunt J. and Guyenne T. D., eds.), pp. 115-119. European Space Agency, Spec. Pub. 302.
Kochan H., Markiewicz W. J., and Keller H. U. (1991) KOSI: Gas drag derived from ice/dust-particle trajectories. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 273–276.
Kochan H., Feibig W., Möhlmann D., Willnecker R., Gerasimov M. V., Speth B., Köhler U., Weckesser S., Admiraal E., Levefere M., Roskam P., Re E., Hazan D., Brighenti A., Coste P., Vidquist J., and Ylikorpi T. (1997) The new planetary simulation facility of DLR — and its first full operational performance during breadboard — test of a “small sample acquisition and distribution tool (SSA/DT)” for space mission applications to Mars, Moon and comets. In Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Environmental Testing for Space Programmes, 25–27. European Space Agency.
Kölzer G., Grün E., Kochan H., Lämmerzahl P., and Thiel K. (1995) Dust particle dynamics from insolated ice/dust mixtures: results from the KOSI 5 experiment. Planet. Space. Sci. 43, 391–407.
Kömle N. I., Steiner G., Baguhl M., Kohl H., Kochan H. and Thiel K. (1991) The effect of non-volatile porous layers on temperature and vapor pressure of underlying ice. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 265–268.
Kömle, N.I., Kargl, G., Thiel, K., and Seiferlin, K., Thermal properties of cometary ices and sublimation residua including organics, Planet. Space Sci., Vol. 44, No. 7, 675–689, 1996.
Kömle, N.I., Ball, A.J., Kargl, G., Stöcker, J., Thiel, M., Jolly, H.S., Dziruni, M., and Zarnecki, J.C., Using the anchoring device of a comet lander to determine surface mechanical properties, Planet. Space Sci., Vol. 45, No. 12, 1515–1538, 1997.
Kossacki, K.J., Kömle, N.I., Kargl, G., and Steiner, G., The influence of grain sintering on the thermoconductivity of porous ice, Planet. Space Sci., Vol. 42, No. 5, 383–389, 1994.
Krueger F. R., Korth A. and Kissel J. (1991) The organic matter of comet Halley as inferred by joint gas phase and solid phase analyses. Space Sci. Rev. 56, 167–175.
Kührt, E. and Keller, H.U., The formation of cometary surface crusts, ICARUS 109, 121–132, 1994.
Lämmerzahl, P., Gebhard, J., Grün, E., and Klees, G., Gas release from ice/dust mixtures: results from eleven KOSI experiments, Planet. Space Sci., Vol. 43, Nos. 3/4, 363–373, 1995.
Lafontaine J. de, Champetier C, Régnier P. and Serrano J. (1992) The importance of comet models in the design of the Rosetta mission. Ann. Geophysicae 10, 123–130.
Lorenz, E., Knollenberg, J., Kroker, H., and Kührt, E., IR observations of KOSI samples, Planet. Space Sci., Vol. 43, Nos. 3/4, 341–351, 1995.
Markiewicz, W.J., Kochan, H., and Keller, U., Gas-particle interaction in KOSI cometary simulations, in Theoretical Modelling Of Comet Simulation Experiments, Proc. of the KOSI modeler’s workshop, Graz, October 4-5, 1990, Editors: Kömle, N.I., Bauer, S.J., and Spohn, T., Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Mauersberger K., Michel H.-J., Krankowsky D., Lämmerzahl P., and Hesselbarth P. (1991) Measurement of the volatile component in particles emitted from an ice/dust mixture. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 277–280.
Markiewicz, W.J., Skorov, Yu.V., Keller, H.U., and Kömle, N.I., Evolution of ice surfaces within porous near-surface layers on cometary nuclei, Planet. Space Sci., Vol. 46, No. 4, 357–366, 1998.
Maas D., Krueger F. R. and Kissel J. (1990) mass and sensity of silicate-and CHON-type particles released by comet P/Halley. In Asteroids, comets, meteoroids III, (C. I. Langerkvist, H. Rickman, B. A. Lindblad and M. Lindgren, eds.), pp. 389-392. (1986), Uppsala Univ., Astronomiska Observatoriet.
McDonnell J. A. M., Alexander W. M., Burton W. M., Bussoletti E., Evans G. C, Evans S. T., Firth J. G., Grard R. J. L., Green S. F., Grün E., Hanner M. S., Hughes D. W., Igenbergs E., Kissel J., Kuczera H., Lindblad B. A., Langevin Y., Mandeville J.-C, Nappo S., Pankiewicz G. S. A., Perry C. H., Schwehm G. H., Sekanina Z., Stevenson T. J., Turner R. F., Weishaupt U., Wallis M. K. and Zamecki J. C. (1987) The dust distribution within the inner coma of Comet P/Halley 1982i: Encounter by Giotto’s impact detectors. Astron. Astrophys. 187, 719–741.
Mekler Yu., Prialnik D. and Podolak D. K. (1990) Evaporation from a porous cometary nucleus. Astrophys. J. 356, 682–686.
Möhlmann, D. Cometary activity and nucleus models, Planet. Space Sci., Vol. 43, Nos. 3/4, 327–332, 1995.
Möhlmann, D. Cometary activity and nucleus modelling: a new approach, Planet. Space Sci., Vol. 44, No. 6, 541–546, 1996.
Newburn R. L., Neugebauer M., and Rahe J. (1991) Comets in the Post-Halley Era. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Oehler A. and Neukum G. (1991) Visible and near IR albedo measurements of ice/dust mixtures. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 253–256.
Oort J. H. (1950) The structure of the cloud of comets surrounding the solar system, and an hypothesis concerning its origin. Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth. 11, 91-110.
Ponnamperuma C, ed. (1981) Comets and the Origin of Life, Proceedings of the Fifth College Park Colloquium on Chemical Evolution. D. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Prialnik D. and Bar-Nun A. (1988). The formation of a permanent dust mantle and its effect on cometary activity. Icarus 74, 272–283.
Prinn R. G. and Fegley B. (1989) Solar nebular chemistry: Origin of planetary, satellite and cometary volatiles. In Origin and Evolution of Planetary and Satellite Atmospheres (S. K. Atreya, J. B. Pollack and M. S. Matthews, eds.), pp. 78–136. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
Rickman H. (1991) The thermal history and structure of cometary nuclei. In Comets in the Post-Halley Era, volume 2, (R. L. Newburn, Neugerbauer M. and Rahe J., eds.), pp. 733-760. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Rickman H. (1992) Cometary nuclei — recent gas flux modelling and applications. Ann. Geophysicae 10, 157–168.
Rickman H. and Huebner W. F. (1990) Comet formation and evolution. In Physics and Chemistry of Comets. (Huebner W. F., ed.), pp. 245–303. Springer, Berlin.
Roessler K., Hsiung P., Kochan H., Hellmann H., Düren H., Thiel K. and Kölzer G. (1990) A model comet made from mineral dust and H2O-CO2 ice: Sample preparation development. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 20, 379–388.
Roessler K., Sauer M., and Schultz R. (1992a) Gaseous products from VUV photolysis of cometary solids. Ann. Geophysicae 10, 226–231.
Rolfe E. J. and Battrick B., eds. (1987) Symposium on the Diversity and Similarity of Comets. European Space Agency, Spec. Pub. 278.
Saunders R. S., Fanale F., Parker T. J., Stephens I. B., and Sutton S. (1986) Properties of filamentary sublimation residues from dispersion of clay in ice. Icarus 47, 94–104.
Seidensticker K. J. and Kochan H. (1992) Experiments with cometary analogues at the DLR. Ann. Geophysicae 10, 198–205.
Skorov, Yu.V. and Rickman, H., A kinetic model of gas flow in a porous cometary mantle, Planet. Space Sci., Vol. 43, No. 12 1587–1594, 1995.
Shulman E. M. (1972) The evolution of cometary nuclei. In The Motion, Evolution of Orbits, and Origin of Comets (G. A. Chebotarev, E. I. Kazimirchak-Polanskaya and B. G. Marsden, eds.), pp 271–276. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Spohn T. and Benkhoff J. (1990) Thermal history models for KOSI sublimation experiments. Icarus 87, 358–371.
Spohn T., Seiferlin K., and Benkhoff J. (1989a) Thermal conductivities and diffusivities of porous ice samples at low pressure and temperatures and possible modes of heat transfer near surface layers of comets. In Physics and Mechanics of Cometary Materials, (Hunt J. and Guyenne T. D., eds.), pp. 77-82. European Space Agency, Spec. Pub. 302.
Spohn T., Benkhoff J., Klinger J., Grün E. and Kochan H. (1989b) Thermal modelling of two KOSI comet nucleus simulation experiments. Adv. Space Res. 9, 127–131.
Stern S. A. and Campins H. (1996) Chiron and the Centaurs: escapees from the Kuiper belt. Nature 382, 507–510.
Stöffler D., Düren H., Knöker J., Hische R., and Bischoff A. (1991) Cometary analogue material: Preparation, composition, and thin section petrography. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 285–288.
Stöffler D. and Düren H. (1992) Cometary analogue material: Types, tests, and results. Ann. Geophysicae 10, 206–216.
Storrs A. D., Fanale F., Saunders R. S., and Stephens J. B. (1988) The formation of filamentary sublimate residues (FSR) from mineral grains. Icarus 76, 493–512.
Strazzulla G., Pirronello V., and Foti G. (1983) Physical and chemical effects induced by energetic ions on comets. Astron. Astrophys. 123, 93–97.
Strazzulla G., and Johnson R. E. (1991) Irradiation effects on comets and cometary debris. In Comets in the Post-Halley Era, volume 1, (Newburn R. L., Neugerbauer M. and Rahe J., eds.), pp. 243-275. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Strazzulla G., Barratta G. A., Johnson R. E. and Donn B. (1991) The primordial comet mantle: Irradiation production of a stable, organic crust. Icarus 91, 101–104.
Thiel K., Kölzer G., and Kohl H. (1991) Dust emission of mineral/ice mixtures: Redisue structure and dynamical parameters. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 281–284.
Thiel K., Schwehm G., and Weishaupt U. (1989a) Comet simulation experiments in the DFVLR space simulators. Adv. Space Res. 9, 375–390.
Thiel K., Kölzer G., Kochan H., Lämmerzahl P., and Lorenz. (1995) Phenomenology and dynamic behavior of the dust component in the KOSI experiments. Planet. Space Sci. 43, 375–390.
Thomas, H, Ratke, L., and Kochan, H., Crushing strength of porous ice-mineral bodies — relevance for comets, Adv. Space Res. Vol. 14, No. 12, (12)207-(12)216, 1994.
Weissman P. R. (1986) Are cometary nuclei primordial rubble piles? Nature 320, 242–244.
Weissman P. R., A’Hearn M. F., McFadden L. A., and Rickman H. (1989) Evolution of comets into asteroids. In Asteroids II (Binzel R. P., Gehrels T. and Matthews M. S., eds.), pp. 880–920. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
Wetherill G. W. (1991) End products of cometary evolution: Cometary origin of Earth-crossing bodies of asteroidal appearance. In Comets in the Post-Halley Era, volume 1, (R. L. Newburn R. L., Neugerbauer M. and Rahe J., eds.), pp. 537-556. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Whipple F. L. (1950) The comet model I. The acceleration of Comet Encke. Astrophys. J. 111, 375–394.
Whipple F. L. (1951) The comet model II. Physical relations for comets and meteorites. Astrophys. J. 113, 464–474.
Wilkening L. L. (1982) Comets. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kochan, H.W., Huebner, W.F., Sears, D.W.G. (1999). Simulation Experiments with Cometary Analogous Material. In: Ehrenfreund, P., Krafft, C., Kochan, H., Pirronello, V. (eds) Laboratory Astrophysics and Space Research. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 236. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4728-6_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4728-6_25
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5988-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4728-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive