Abstract
Global and regional emission inventories of mercury are reviewed with special emphasis on the source regions with potential impact on the Arctic environment. These sources are located mostly in Eurasia and North America and emit almost 1300 t ofHg to the air annually. Combustion of fossil fuels to produce electricity and heat is the major source ofHg. Major portion of the element emissions from this source is in a gaseous phase. A small portion of Hg emissions in Eurasia and North America is deposited in the Arctic region, perhaps 60 to 80 t annually. Additional amounts of Hg in the Arctic air originate from natural sources, although it is very difficult to quantify them. A small decrease of anthropogenic Hg emissions is observed in Europe at present. These emissions are expected to increase again in the near future.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akeredolu, F.A., Barrie, L.A., Olson, M.P., Oikawa, K.K., Pacyna, J.M., Keeler, G.J.: 1994, Atmos. Environ. 28,1557–1572.
Axenfeld, F., Munch, J., Pacyna, J.M.: 1991, Europaische Test-Emissionsdatenbasis von Quecksilber-Komponenten fur Modellrechnungen, Dornier Report, Friedrichshafen, Germany.
Barne, L.A., Olson, M.P., Oikawa, K.K.: 1989, Atmos. Environ. 23,2505–2512.
Clark, T.L.: 1992, Presented at the Joint Workshop on Mercury and Multimedia Risk Assessment, Durham, NC, 22 October, 1992.
Hlawiczka, S.: 1994, Report on Heavy Metals Emission in Poland for 1990, The Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Katowice, Poland.
Lindqvist, O.: 1991, Mercury in the Swedish Environment, Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
Maenhaut, W., Comille, P., Pacyna, J.M., Vitols V.: 1989, Atmos. Environ. 23,2551–2570.
Munthe, J.: 1993, in Proc. of the 1st Workshop on Emissions and Modelling of Atmospheric Transport of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Heavy Metals, Durham, NC, 6–7 May, 1993,225–254.
Munthe, J., iverfeld, A., Brosset, C., Pacyna, J.M.: 1994, Effects of drastic economical changes in Eastern Europe on concentrations and wet deposition of atmospheric mercury in Sweden and Norway. In preparation for Nature.
Nriagu, J.O. and Pacyna, J.M.: 1988, Nature 333,134–139.
Ottar, B., Gotaas, Y., Hov, O., Iversen, T., Joranger, E., Oehme, M., Pacyna, J.M., Semb, A., Thomas, W., Vitols, V.: 1986, Air Pollutants in the Arctic. NILU OR Rept 30/86, the Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Lillestrom, Norway.
Pacyna, J.M.: 1984, Emission sources in the Soviet Union. NILU TR Rept. 4/84, the Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Lillestrom, Norway.
Pacyna, J.M.: 1994, in: EMEP Workshop on European Monitoring, Modelling and Assessment of Heavy Metals and Persistent Organic Pollutants, Beekbergen, the Netherlands, 3–6 May, 1994,10–15.
Pacyna, J.M. and Oehme, M.: 1988, Atmos. Environ. 22,243–257.
Pacyna, J.M. and Ottar, B.: 1989, Atmos. Environ. 23,809–815.
Pacyna, J.M., Ottar, B., Tomza, U., Maenhaut, W.: 1985, Atmos. Environ. 19,857–865.
Petersen, G.: 1993, in Proc. of the 1st Workshop on Emissions and Modelling of Atmospheric Transport of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Heavy Metals, Durham, NC, 6–7 May, 1993,261–279.
Petersen, G., Iverfeld, A., Munthe, J.: 1994, Atmos. Environ, (in press).
SFT: 1994, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP). The National Implementation Plan for the Participation of Norway, 1993. The State Pollution Control Authority, Oslo, Norway.
Steinnes, E. and Andersson, E.M.: 1991, Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 56,391–404.
UN ECE: 1994, Heavy Metals. The UN Economic Commission for Europe, EB.AIR/WG.6/R.20, Geneva, Switzerland.
US EPA: 1993, National Emissions Inventory of Mercury and Mercury Compounds: Interim Final Report, The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-453/R-93–048, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Voldner, E. and Smith, L.: 1989, Production, Usage and Atmospheric Emissions of 14 Priority Toxic Chemicals. Report of the Joint Water Quality Board/ Science Advisory Board/ International Air Quality Advisory Board of the International Joint Commission. Presented at the Workshop on Great Lakes Atmospheric Deposition, 29–31 October, 1986.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pacyna, J.M., Keeler, G.J. (1995). Sources of Mercury in the Arctic. In: Porcella, D.B., Huckabee, J.W., Wheatley, B. (eds) Mercury as a Global Pollutant. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0153-0_68
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0153-0_68
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4069-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-0153-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive