Skip to main content

Field methods used for air pollution research with plants

  • Chapter
Plant Physiological Ecology

Abstract

Recent awareness of the regional distribution patterns of air pollutants such as ozone, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, and their transformation products, has led physiological ecologists to consider these chemical agents as environmental stresses. From this perspective, important ideas have emerged regarding the value of air-quality-monitoring data as well as the transfer and application of research approaches used for traditional stress physiology studies to studies of plant responses to air pollutants. Development of these ideas suggests that degradation of air quality may reduce plant productivity, fitness and capacity to resist other environmental stresses. Physiological ecologists performing field work in areas with elevated air pollutant levels need to be aware of how their research can contribute to this area of environmental science and how these agents may be affecting their study plants. This awareness should include an understanding of air pollution sources and chemistry, some responses of plants to air pollutants, and methods used to measure the effects of air pollutants on plants.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ashenden, T.W., Tabner, P.W., Williams, P., Whitmore, M.E. and Mansfield T.A. (1982) A large-scale system for fumigating plants with SO2 and NO2. Environ. Pollut. (Ser. B), 3, 21–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, C.J., Winner, W.E. and Mooney, H.A. (1986) A field portable gas exchange system for measuring carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange rates of leaves during fumigation with SO2. Plant, Cell Environ., 9, 711–19.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beckerson, D.W. and Hofstra, G. (1979) Response of leaf diffusive resistance of radish, cucumber, and soybean to 03 and SO2 singly or in combination. Atmos. Environ., 13, 1263–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, A.R. and Davis, D.D. (1980) Stomatal response of three birch species exposed to varying acute doses of SO2. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 105, 514–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black, V.J. and Unsworth, M.H. (1979a) A system for measuring effects of sulphur dioxide on gas exchange of plants. J. Exp. Bot., 114, 81–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, V.J. and Unsworth, M.H. (1979b) Effects of low concentrations of sulphur dioxide on net photosynthesis and dark respiration of Vicia faba. J. Exp. Bot., 30, 473–83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black, V.J. and Unsworth, M.H. (1979c) Resistance analysis of sulphur, dioxide fluxes to Vicia faba. Nature, London, 282, 68–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buckenham, A.H., Parry, M.A., Whittingham, C.P. and Young, A.T. (1981) An improved open-topped chamber for pollution studies on crop growth. Environ. Pollut. (Ser. B), 2, 475–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • deCormis, L., Bonte, J. and Tisne, A. (1975) Technique experimentale permettant l’etude de l’incidence sur la vegetation d’une pollution par le dioxyde de soufre appliquee en permanence et a’dose subnecrotique. Pollut. Atmos., 66, 103–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollard, G.J. and Unsworth, M.H. (1983) Field measurements of turbulent fluxes of wind-driven fog drops to a grass surface. Atmos. Environ., 17, 775–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckert, R.T. and Houston, D.B. (1980) Photosynthesis and needle elongation response of Pinus strobus clones to low level sulfur dioxide exposures. Can. J. For. Res., 19, 357–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, L.S., Levin, K.F., Cunningham, E.A. and Patti, M.J. (1982) Effects of simulated acidic rainfall on yields of field-grown crops. New Phytol., 91, 429–441.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, D. (1985) Deposition of SO2 onto plant canopies. In Sulfur Dioxide and Vegetation: Physiology, Ecology, and Policy Issues (eds W.E. Winner, H.A. Mooney, and R.A. Goldstein ), Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp. 389–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, J.N. and Likens, G.E. (1976) Calibration of collection procedures for the determination of precipitation chemistry. Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 6, 241–58.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, J.N. and Likens, G.E. (1978) The collection of precipitation for chemical analysis. Tellus, 30, 71–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, J.N., Likens, G.E. and Hawley, M.E. (1984) Acid precipitation: natural versus anthropogenic components. Science, 226, 829–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giever, P.M. (1976) Particulate matter sampling and sizing. In Air Pollution. Vol. III. Measuring, Monitoring, and Surveillance of Air Pollution (ed. A.C. Stern ), Academic Press, New York, pp. 3–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, P., Greenhalgh, A., Baker, C. and Unsworth, M. (1982) A computer-controlled system for exposing field crops to gaseous air pollutants. Atmos. Environ., 16, 2261–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guderian, R. (ed.) (1985) Air Pollution by Photo- chemical Oxidants, Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallgren, J.E. Linder, S., Richter, A., Troeng, E. and Granat, L. (1982) Uptake of SO2 in shoots of Scots Pine: field measurements of net flux of sulphur in relation to stomata! conductance. Plant, Cell Environ.,5 75–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heagle, A.S., Body, D.E. and Heck, W.W. (1973) An open-top field chamber to assess the impact of air pollution on plants. J. Environ. Qual., 2, 365–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heagle, A.S., Philbeck, R.B., Rogers, H.H. and Letchworth, M.B. (1979) Dispensing and monitoring ozone in open-top field chambers for plant-effects studies. Phytopathology, 69, 15–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogsett, W.E., Olszyk, D., Ormrod, D.P., Taylor G.E. Jr., and Tingey, D.T. (1987) Air Pollution Exposure Systems and Experimental Protocols,Vols. 1 and 2. US Environmental Protection Agency, No. EPA/600/3–87/037a and b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houston, D.B. (1974) Responses of selected Pinus strobus clones to fumigation with sulfur dioxide and ozone. Can. J. For. Res., 4, 65–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Irving, P.M. and Miller, J.E. (1981) Productivity of field-grown soybeans exposed to acid rain and sulfur dioxide alone and in combination. J. Environ. Qual., 10, 473–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, D.J., Waldman, J.M., Munger, J.W. and Hoffman, M.R. (1985) Chemical composition of fog water collected along the California coast. Environ. Sci. Technol., 19, 730–46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, K.F. (1981) Growth analyses of hybrid poplar cuttings fumigated with ozone and sulphur dioxide. Environ. Pollut. (Ser. A), 26, 243–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, C.A., Sigg, L. and Zobrist, J. (1987) Case studies on the chemical composition of fogwater: the influence of local gaseous emissions. Atmos. Environ., 21, 2365–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, J.W., Jr., Shriner, D.S. and Abner, C.H. (1986) Design and performance of an exposure system for measuring the response of crops to acid rain and gaseous pollutants in the field. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 36, 894–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, T. and Mansfield, T.A. (1982) The effect of SO2 on growth and development of seedlings of Phleum pratense under different light and temperature environments. Environ. Pollut. (Ser. A), 27, 57–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimmerer, T.W., and Kozlowski, T.T. (1981) Stomata! conductance and sulfur uptake of five clones of Populus tremuloides exposed to sulfur dioxide. Plant Physiol., 67, 990–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo, N., Maruta, I. and Sugahara, K. (1980) Effects of sulfite and pH on abscisic acid-dependent transpiration and on stomatal opening. Plant Cell Physiol., 21, 817–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kretzschmer, J.G. and Pauwels, J.B. (1982) Comparison between six different instruments to determine suspended particulate matter levels in ambient air. In Atmospheric Pollution, 1982: Proceedings of the 15th International Colloquium, UNESCO, Paris, France (ed. M.M. Benarie), Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., New York, pp. 265–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laurence, J.A., MacLean, D.C., Mandl, R.H., Schneider, R.E. and Hansen, K.S. (1982) Field tests of a linear gradient system for exposure of row crops to SO2 and HF. Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 17, 399–407.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ligotke, M., Cataldo, D., van Voris, P. and Novich, C. (1986) Analysts use wind tunnel to study particle behavior in the environment. Battelle Research and Development, Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindberg, S.E., Lovett, G.M., Richter, D.D. and Johnson, D.W. (1986) Atmospheric deposition and canopy interaction of major ions in a forest. Science, 231, 141–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandl, R.H.,. Weinstein, L.H., McCune, D.L. and Keveny, M. (1973) A cylindrical open-topped chamber for exposure of plants to air pollutants in the field. J. Environ. Qual., 2, 371–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, S.B. (1985) Effects of air pollution on forests: A critical review. J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc., 35, 512–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, S.B., Shriner, D.S., McConathy, R.K. and Mann, L.K. (1979) The effects of SO2 dosage kinetics and exposure frequency on photosynthesis and transpiration of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Environ. Exp. Bot., 19, 179–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, A.R., Fackrell, J.E. and Alexander, K. (1985) Open-air fumigation of field crops: criteria and design for a new experimental system. Atmos. Environ,, 19, 1639–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, D.R., Byrd, J.E. and Perone, M.J. (1987) The source of Pb, Cu, and Zn in fogwater. Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 32, 329–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J.E., Sprugel, D.G., Muller, R.N., Smith, H.K. and Xerikós, P.B. (1980) Open-air fumigation system for investigating sulfur dioxide effects on crops. Phytopathology, 70, 1124–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mooi, J. (1980) Influence of ozone on the growth of two poplar cultivars. Plant Dis.,64 772–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musselman, R.C., Sterrett, J.L. and Granett, A.L. (1985) A portable fogging apparatus for field or greenhouse use. HortSci., 20, 1127–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council (1977) Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council (1978) Sulfur Oxides, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council (1986) Acid Deposition: Long Term Trends, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noble, R.D. and Jensen, K.F. (1983) An apparatus for monitoring CO2 exchange rates in plants during SO2 and 03 fumigation. J. Exp. Bot., 34, 470–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norby, R.J. and Kozlowski, T.T. (1981) Relative sensitivity of three species of woody plants to SO2 at high or low exposure temperature. Oecologia, 51, 33–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norby, R.J. and Kozlowski, T.T. (1982) The role of stomata in sensitivity of Betula papyrifera Marsh. seedlings to SO2 at different humidities. Oecologia, 53, 34–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olszyk, D.M. and Tibbitts, T.W. (1981) Stomatal response and leaf injury of Pinus strobus L. with SO2 and 03 exposures. Plant Physiol, 67, 539–44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olszyk, D.M., Tibbitts, T.W. and Hertzberg, W.M. (1980) Environment in open-top field chambers utilized for air pollution studies. J. Environ. Qual., 9, 610–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reich, P.B. and Amundson, R.G. (1985) Ambient levels of ozone reduce net photosynthesis in tree and crop species. Science, 230, 566–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, P.B., Amundson, R.G. and Lassoie, J.P. (1982) Reduction in soybean yield after exposure to ozone and sulfur dioxide using a linear gradient exposure technique. Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 178, 29–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, H.H., Jeffries, H.E., Stahel,.E.P., Heck, W.W., Ripperton, L.A. and Witherspoon, A.M. (1977) Measuring air pollutant uptake by plants: a direct kinetic technique. J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc., 27, 1192–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reuss, J.O. and Johnson, D.W. (1986) Acid Deposition and the Acidification of Soils and Waters, Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Shinn, J.H., Clegg, B.R. and Stuart, M.L. (1977) A minimum field fumigation method for exposing plants to controlled gradients of air pollution levels. Preprint of paper presented at Department of Energy, Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research Workshop, Ecological and Agricultural Effects of Coal Combustion, Oak Ridge, TN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skye, E. (1968) Lichens and air pollution. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec., 52, 1–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, W.H. (1981) Air Pollution and Forests - Interactions between Air Contaminants and Forest Ecosystems, Springer-Verlag, New York, Heidelberg and Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soderlund, R. and Svensson, B.H. (1976) The global nitrogen cycle. In Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulphur - Global Cycles (eds B.H. Svensson and R. Soderlund), Scope Report No. 7, Eco- logical Bulletin No. 22, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, pp. 23–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, G.E., Jr. and Tingey, D.T. (1979) A gas–exchange system for assessing plant performance in response to environmental stress. Environmental Protection Agency, US. Report No. 600/3–79–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, G.E., Jr., Tingey, D.T. and Ratsch, H.C. (1982) Ozone flux in Glycine max ( L.) Merr.: Sites of regulation and relationships to leaf injury. Oecologia, 53, 179–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tingey, D.T., Heck, W.W. and Reinert, R.A. (1971) Effect of low concentrations of ozone and sulfur dioxide on foliage, growth and yield of radish. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 96, 369–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tingey, D.T. and Reinert, R.A. (1975) The effect of ozone and sulphur dioxide singly and in combination on plant growth. Environ. Pollut., 9, 117–25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tingey, D.T., Reinert, R.A., Dunning, J.A. and Heck, W.W. (1973) Foliar injury responses of eleven plant species to ozone/sulfur dioxide mixtures. Atmos. Environ., 7, 201–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tingey, D.T., Standley, C. and Field, R.W. (1976) Stress ethylene evolution: a measure of ozone effects on plants. Atmos. Environ., 10, 969–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (1978) Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants,US Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA report no. EPA–600/8–78–004. Available from NTIS, Springfield VA; PB80–124753.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (1983) Air Pollution Training Institute Course 464 Analytical Methods for Air Quality Standards Student Manual2nd edn, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA 450/2–81–018b.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (1986) Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants,US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA/600/8–84/020 cf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Unsworth, M.H. (1982) Exposure to gaseous pollutants and uptake by plants. In Effects of Gaseous Air Pollution in Agriculture and Horticulture (eds M.H. Unsworth and D.P. Ormrod) Butterworth Scientific, London, pp. 43–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, M.R. (1987) Pollutant deposition in radiation fog. In The Chemistry of Acid Rain (eds R.W. Johnson, G.E. Gordon, W. Calkins and A.Z. Elzerman ), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 250–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walmsley, L., Ashmore, M.R. and Bell, J.N.B. (1980) Adaptation of radish Raphanus sativus L. in response to continuous exposure to ozone. Environ. Pollut. ( Ser. A ), 23, 165–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • West, P.W. (1976) Analysis of inorganic particulates. In Air Pollution. Vol. III. Measuring, Monitoring, and Surveillance of Air Pollution (ed. A.C. Stern ), Academic Press, New York, pp. 51–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winner, W.E. and Bewley, J.D. (1978) Contrasts between bryophyte and vascular plant synecological responses in an SO2-stressed white spruce association in central Alberta. Oecologia, 33, 311–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winner, W.E. and Bewley, J.D. (1983) Photosynthesis and respiration of feather mosses fumigated at different hydration levels with SO2. Can. J. Bot., 61, 1456–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winner, W.E., Koch, G. and Mooney, H.A. (1982) Ecology of SO2 resistance: IV. Predicting metabolic responses of fumigated shrubs. Oecologia, 52, 16–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winner, W.E. and Mooney, H.A. (1980a) Ecology of SO2 resistance: I. Effects of fumigation on gas exchange of deciduous and evergreen shrubs. Oecologia, 44, 290–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winner, W.E. and Mooney, H.A. (1980b) Ecology of SO2 resistance: II. Photosynthetic changes of shrubs in relation to SO2 absorption and stoma-tal behavior. Oecologia, 44, 296–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winner, W.E., Mooney, H.A. and Goldstein, R.A. (eds) (1985a) Sulfur Dioxide and Vegetation: Physiology, Ecology, and Policy Issues, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winner, W.E., Mooney, H.A., Williams, K. and Von Craemmerer, S. (1985b) The effects of SO2 on photosynthesis. In Sulfur Dioxide and Vegetation: Physiology, Ecology, and Policy Issues (eds W.E. Winner, H.A. Mooney and R.A. Goldstein ), Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp. 118–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zajac, P.K. and Grodinska, K. (1982) Snow contamination by heavy metals and sulphur in Cracow agglomeration (southern Poland). Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 17, 269–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Winner, W.E., Greitner, C.S. (2000). Field methods used for air pollution research with plants. In: Pearcy, R.W., Ehleringer, J.R., Mooney, H.A., Rundel, P.W. (eds) Plant Physiological Ecology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9013-1_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9013-1_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-412-40730-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-010-9013-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics