Abstract
Recent awareness of the regional distribution patterns of air pollutants such as ozone, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, and their transformation products, has led physiological ecologists to consider these chemical agents as environmental stresses. From this perspective, important ideas have emerged regarding the value of air-quality-monitoring data as well as the transfer and application of research approaches used for traditional stress physiology studies to studies of plant responses to air pollutants. Development of these ideas suggests that degradation of air quality may reduce plant productivity, fitness and capacity to resist other environmental stresses. Physiological ecologists performing field work in areas with elevated air pollutant levels need to be aware of how their research can contribute to this area of environmental science and how these agents may be affecting their study plants. This awareness should include an understanding of air pollution sources and chemistry, some responses of plants to air pollutants, and methods used to measure the effects of air pollutants on plants.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ashenden, T.W., Tabner, P.W., Williams, P., Whitmore, M.E. and Mansfield T.A. (1982) A large-scale system for fumigating plants with SO2 and NO2. Environ. Pollut. (Ser. B), 3, 21–6.
Atkinson, C.J., Winner, W.E. and Mooney, H.A. (1986) A field portable gas exchange system for measuring carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange rates of leaves during fumigation with SO2. Plant, Cell Environ., 9, 711–19.
Beckerson, D.W. and Hofstra, G. (1979) Response of leaf diffusive resistance of radish, cucumber, and soybean to 03 and SO2 singly or in combination. Atmos. Environ., 13, 1263–8.
Biggs, A.R. and Davis, D.D. (1980) Stomatal response of three birch species exposed to varying acute doses of SO2. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 105, 514–16.
Black, V.J. and Unsworth, M.H. (1979a) A system for measuring effects of sulphur dioxide on gas exchange of plants. J. Exp. Bot., 114, 81–8.
Black, V.J. and Unsworth, M.H. (1979b) Effects of low concentrations of sulphur dioxide on net photosynthesis and dark respiration of Vicia faba. J. Exp. Bot., 30, 473–83.
Black, V.J. and Unsworth, M.H. (1979c) Resistance analysis of sulphur, dioxide fluxes to Vicia faba. Nature, London, 282, 68–9.
Buckenham, A.H., Parry, M.A., Whittingham, C.P. and Young, A.T. (1981) An improved open-topped chamber for pollution studies on crop growth. Environ. Pollut. (Ser. B), 2, 475–82.
deCormis, L., Bonte, J. and Tisne, A. (1975) Technique experimentale permettant l’etude de l’incidence sur la vegetation d’une pollution par le dioxyde de soufre appliquee en permanence et a’dose subnecrotique. Pollut. Atmos., 66, 103–7.
Dollard, G.J. and Unsworth, M.H. (1983) Field measurements of turbulent fluxes of wind-driven fog drops to a grass surface. Atmos. Environ., 17, 775–80.
Eckert, R.T. and Houston, D.B. (1980) Photosynthesis and needle elongation response of Pinus strobus clones to low level sulfur dioxide exposures. Can. J. For. Res., 19, 357–61.
Evans, L.S., Levin, K.F., Cunningham, E.A. and Patti, M.J. (1982) Effects of simulated acidic rainfall on yields of field-grown crops. New Phytol., 91, 429–441.
Fowler, D. (1985) Deposition of SO2 onto plant canopies. In Sulfur Dioxide and Vegetation: Physiology, Ecology, and Policy Issues (eds W.E. Winner, H.A. Mooney, and R.A. Goldstein ), Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp. 389–402.
Galloway, J.N. and Likens, G.E. (1976) Calibration of collection procedures for the determination of precipitation chemistry. Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 6, 241–58.
Galloway, J.N. and Likens, G.E. (1978) The collection of precipitation for chemical analysis. Tellus, 30, 71–82.
Galloway, J.N., Likens, G.E. and Hawley, M.E. (1984) Acid precipitation: natural versus anthropogenic components. Science, 226, 829–31.
Giever, P.M. (1976) Particulate matter sampling and sizing. In Air Pollution. Vol. III. Measuring, Monitoring, and Surveillance of Air Pollution (ed. A.C. Stern ), Academic Press, New York, pp. 3–50.
Greenwood, P., Greenhalgh, A., Baker, C. and Unsworth, M. (1982) A computer-controlled system for exposing field crops to gaseous air pollutants. Atmos. Environ., 16, 2261–6.
Guderian, R. (ed.) (1985) Air Pollution by Photo- chemical Oxidants, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Hallgren, J.E. Linder, S., Richter, A., Troeng, E. and Granat, L. (1982) Uptake of SO2 in shoots of Scots Pine: field measurements of net flux of sulphur in relation to stomata! conductance. Plant, Cell Environ.,5 75–83.
Heagle, A.S., Body, D.E. and Heck, W.W. (1973) An open-top field chamber to assess the impact of air pollution on plants. J. Environ. Qual., 2, 365–72.
Heagle, A.S., Philbeck, R.B., Rogers, H.H. and Letchworth, M.B. (1979) Dispensing and monitoring ozone in open-top field chambers for plant-effects studies. Phytopathology, 69, 15–20.
Hogsett, W.E., Olszyk, D., Ormrod, D.P., Taylor G.E. Jr., and Tingey, D.T. (1987) Air Pollution Exposure Systems and Experimental Protocols,Vols. 1 and 2. US Environmental Protection Agency, No. EPA/600/3–87/037a and b.
Houston, D.B. (1974) Responses of selected Pinus strobus clones to fumigation with sulfur dioxide and ozone. Can. J. For. Res., 4, 65–8.
Irving, P.M. and Miller, J.E. (1981) Productivity of field-grown soybeans exposed to acid rain and sulfur dioxide alone and in combination. J. Environ. Qual., 10, 473–8.
Jacob, D.J., Waldman, J.M., Munger, J.W. and Hoffman, M.R. (1985) Chemical composition of fog water collected along the California coast. Environ. Sci. Technol., 19, 730–46.
Jensen, K.F. (1981) Growth analyses of hybrid poplar cuttings fumigated with ozone and sulphur dioxide. Environ. Pollut. (Ser. A), 26, 243–50.
Johnson, C.A., Sigg, L. and Zobrist, J. (1987) Case studies on the chemical composition of fogwater: the influence of local gaseous emissions. Atmos. Environ., 21, 2365–74.
Johnston, J.W., Jr., Shriner, D.S. and Abner, C.H. (1986) Design and performance of an exposure system for measuring the response of crops to acid rain and gaseous pollutants in the field. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 36, 894–9.
Jones, T. and Mansfield, T.A. (1982) The effect of SO2 on growth and development of seedlings of Phleum pratense under different light and temperature environments. Environ. Pollut. (Ser. A), 27, 57–71.
Kimmerer, T.W., and Kozlowski, T.T. (1981) Stomata! conductance and sulfur uptake of five clones of Populus tremuloides exposed to sulfur dioxide. Plant Physiol., 67, 990–5.
Kondo, N., Maruta, I. and Sugahara, K. (1980) Effects of sulfite and pH on abscisic acid-dependent transpiration and on stomatal opening. Plant Cell Physiol., 21, 817–28.
Kretzschmer, J.G. and Pauwels, J.B. (1982) Comparison between six different instruments to determine suspended particulate matter levels in ambient air. In Atmospheric Pollution, 1982: Proceedings of the 15th International Colloquium, UNESCO, Paris, France (ed. M.M. Benarie), Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., New York, pp. 265–72.
Laurence, J.A., MacLean, D.C., Mandl, R.H., Schneider, R.E. and Hansen, K.S. (1982) Field tests of a linear gradient system for exposure of row crops to SO2 and HF. Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 17, 399–407.
Ligotke, M., Cataldo, D., van Voris, P. and Novich, C. (1986) Analysts use wind tunnel to study particle behavior in the environment. Battelle Research and Development, Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA.
Lindberg, S.E., Lovett, G.M., Richter, D.D. and Johnson, D.W. (1986) Atmospheric deposition and canopy interaction of major ions in a forest. Science, 231, 141–5.
Mandl, R.H.,. Weinstein, L.H., McCune, D.L. and Keveny, M. (1973) A cylindrical open-topped chamber for exposure of plants to air pollutants in the field. J. Environ. Qual., 2, 371–6.
McLaughlin, S.B. (1985) Effects of air pollution on forests: A critical review. J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc., 35, 512–34.
McLaughlin, S.B., Shriner, D.S., McConathy, R.K. and Mann, L.K. (1979) The effects of SO2 dosage kinetics and exposure frequency on photosynthesis and transpiration of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Environ. Exp. Bot., 19, 179–91.
McLeod, A.R., Fackrell, J.E. and Alexander, K. (1985) Open-air fumigation of field crops: criteria and design for a new experimental system. Atmos. Environ,, 19, 1639–49.
Miller, D.R., Byrd, J.E. and Perone, M.J. (1987) The source of Pb, Cu, and Zn in fogwater. Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 32, 329–40.
Miller, J.E., Sprugel, D.G., Muller, R.N., Smith, H.K. and Xerikós, P.B. (1980) Open-air fumigation system for investigating sulfur dioxide effects on crops. Phytopathology, 70, 1124–8.
Mooi, J. (1980) Influence of ozone on the growth of two poplar cultivars. Plant Dis.,64 772–3.
Musselman, R.C., Sterrett, J.L. and Granett, A.L. (1985) A portable fogging apparatus for field or greenhouse use. HortSci., 20, 1127–9.
National Research Council (1977) Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
National Research Council (1978) Sulfur Oxides, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
National Research Council (1986) Acid Deposition: Long Term Trends, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
Noble, R.D. and Jensen, K.F. (1983) An apparatus for monitoring CO2 exchange rates in plants during SO2 and 03 fumigation. J. Exp. Bot., 34, 470–5.
Norby, R.J. and Kozlowski, T.T. (1981) Relative sensitivity of three species of woody plants to SO2 at high or low exposure temperature. Oecologia, 51, 33–6.
Norby, R.J. and Kozlowski, T.T. (1982) The role of stomata in sensitivity of Betula papyrifera Marsh. seedlings to SO2 at different humidities. Oecologia, 53, 34–9.
Olszyk, D.M. and Tibbitts, T.W. (1981) Stomatal response and leaf injury of Pinus strobus L. with SO2 and 03 exposures. Plant Physiol, 67, 539–44.
Olszyk, D.M., Tibbitts, T.W. and Hertzberg, W.M. (1980) Environment in open-top field chambers utilized for air pollution studies. J. Environ. Qual., 9, 610–15.
Reich, P.B. and Amundson, R.G. (1985) Ambient levels of ozone reduce net photosynthesis in tree and crop species. Science, 230, 566–70.
Reich, P.B., Amundson, R.G. and Lassoie, J.P. (1982) Reduction in soybean yield after exposure to ozone and sulfur dioxide using a linear gradient exposure technique. Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 178, 29–36.
Rogers, H.H., Jeffries, H.E., Stahel,.E.P., Heck, W.W., Ripperton, L.A. and Witherspoon, A.M. (1977) Measuring air pollutant uptake by plants: a direct kinetic technique. J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc., 27, 1192–7.
Reuss, J.O. and Johnson, D.W. (1986) Acid Deposition and the Acidification of Soils and Waters, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Shinn, J.H., Clegg, B.R. and Stuart, M.L. (1977) A minimum field fumigation method for exposing plants to controlled gradients of air pollution levels. Preprint of paper presented at Department of Energy, Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research Workshop, Ecological and Agricultural Effects of Coal Combustion, Oak Ridge, TN.
Skye, E. (1968) Lichens and air pollution. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec., 52, 1–123.
Smith, W.H. (1981) Air Pollution and Forests - Interactions between Air Contaminants and Forest Ecosystems, Springer-Verlag, New York, Heidelberg and Berlin.
Soderlund, R. and Svensson, B.H. (1976) The global nitrogen cycle. In Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulphur - Global Cycles (eds B.H. Svensson and R. Soderlund), Scope Report No. 7, Eco- logical Bulletin No. 22, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, pp. 23–73.
Taylor, G.E., Jr. and Tingey, D.T. (1979) A gas–exchange system for assessing plant performance in response to environmental stress. Environmental Protection Agency, US. Report No. 600/3–79–108.
Taylor, G.E., Jr., Tingey, D.T. and Ratsch, H.C. (1982) Ozone flux in Glycine max ( L.) Merr.: Sites of regulation and relationships to leaf injury. Oecologia, 53, 179–86.
Tingey, D.T., Heck, W.W. and Reinert, R.A. (1971) Effect of low concentrations of ozone and sulfur dioxide on foliage, growth and yield of radish. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 96, 369–71.
Tingey, D.T. and Reinert, R.A. (1975) The effect of ozone and sulphur dioxide singly and in combination on plant growth. Environ. Pollut., 9, 117–25.
Tingey, D.T., Reinert, R.A., Dunning, J.A. and Heck, W.W. (1973) Foliar injury responses of eleven plant species to ozone/sulfur dioxide mixtures. Atmos. Environ., 7, 201–8.
Tingey, D.T., Standley, C. and Field, R.W. (1976) Stress ethylene evolution: a measure of ozone effects on plants. Atmos. Environ., 10, 969–74.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (1978) Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants,US Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA report no. EPA–600/8–78–004. Available from NTIS, Springfield VA; PB80–124753.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (1983) Air Pollution Training Institute Course 464 Analytical Methods for Air Quality Standards Student Manual2nd edn, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA 450/2–81–018b.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (1986) Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants,US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA/600/8–84/020 cf.
Unsworth, M.H. (1982) Exposure to gaseous pollutants and uptake by plants. In Effects of Gaseous Air Pollution in Agriculture and Horticulture (eds M.H. Unsworth and D.P. Ormrod) Butterworth Scientific, London, pp. 43–63.
Hoffmann, M.R. (1987) Pollutant deposition in radiation fog. In The Chemistry of Acid Rain (eds R.W. Johnson, G.E. Gordon, W. Calkins and A.Z. Elzerman ), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 250–7.
Walmsley, L., Ashmore, M.R. and Bell, J.N.B. (1980) Adaptation of radish Raphanus sativus L. in response to continuous exposure to ozone. Environ. Pollut. ( Ser. A ), 23, 165–77.
West, P.W. (1976) Analysis of inorganic particulates. In Air Pollution. Vol. III. Measuring, Monitoring, and Surveillance of Air Pollution (ed. A.C. Stern ), Academic Press, New York, pp. 51–97.
Winner, W.E. and Bewley, J.D. (1978) Contrasts between bryophyte and vascular plant synecological responses in an SO2-stressed white spruce association in central Alberta. Oecologia, 33, 311–25.
Winner, W.E. and Bewley, J.D. (1983) Photosynthesis and respiration of feather mosses fumigated at different hydration levels with SO2. Can. J. Bot., 61, 1456–61.
Winner, W.E., Koch, G. and Mooney, H.A. (1982) Ecology of SO2 resistance: IV. Predicting metabolic responses of fumigated shrubs. Oecologia, 52, 16–22.
Winner, W.E. and Mooney, H.A. (1980a) Ecology of SO2 resistance: I. Effects of fumigation on gas exchange of deciduous and evergreen shrubs. Oecologia, 44, 290–5.
Winner, W.E. and Mooney, H.A. (1980b) Ecology of SO2 resistance: II. Photosynthetic changes of shrubs in relation to SO2 absorption and stoma-tal behavior. Oecologia, 44, 296–302.
Winner, W.E., Mooney, H.A. and Goldstein, R.A. (eds) (1985a) Sulfur Dioxide and Vegetation: Physiology, Ecology, and Policy Issues, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
Winner, W.E., Mooney, H.A., Williams, K. and Von Craemmerer, S. (1985b) The effects of SO2 on photosynthesis. In Sulfur Dioxide and Vegetation: Physiology, Ecology, and Policy Issues (eds W.E. Winner, H.A. Mooney and R.A. Goldstein ), Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp. 118–32.
Zajac, P.K. and Grodinska, K. (1982) Snow contamination by heavy metals and sulphur in Cracow agglomeration (southern Poland). Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 17, 269–80.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Winner, W.E., Greitner, C.S. (2000). Field methods used for air pollution research with plants. In: Pearcy, R.W., Ehleringer, J.R., Mooney, H.A., Rundel, P.W. (eds) Plant Physiological Ecology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9013-1_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9013-1_17
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-412-40730-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-010-9013-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive