Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Biology of the Prochlorales

  • Chapter
Autotrophic Microbiology and One-Carbon Metabolism

Part of the book series: Advances in Autotrophic Microbiology and One-Carbon Metabolism ((AMOC,volume 1))

Abstract

The organisms belonging to the Prochlorophyta (Lewin 1976) are oxygenic phototrophic prokaryotes which contain chlorophylls a and b. Until recently (Lewin 1975) this combination of pigments was thought to be restricted to eukaryotic cells only. Due to this combination of eukaryotic and prokaryotic features their taxonomic position has been subject to discussion for several years. In 1986 Florenzano et al. proposed a new order, the Prochlorales, in the class Photobacteria (Gibbons and Murray 1978) to accommodate organisms with the aforesaid properties. This prompted Burger-Wiersma et al. (1989) to refer to them as oxychlorobacteria instead of prochlorophytes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akazawa T, Newcomb EH and Osmond CB, 1978. Pathway and products of CO2-fixation by green prokaryotic algae in the cloacal cavity of Diplosoma virens. Mar Biol 47: 325–330.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alberte RS, Cheng L and Lewin RA, 1986. Photosynthetic characteristics of Prochloron-ascidian symbiosis. I. Light and temperature responses of the algal symbiont of Lissoclinum patella. Mar Biol 90: 575–587.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alberte RS, Cheng L and Lewin RA, 1987. Characteristics of Prochloron/ascidian symbiosis. II. Photosynthesis-irradiance relationships and carbon balance of associations from Palau, Micronesia. Symbiosis 4: 147–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews TJ, Greenwood DM and Yellowlees D, 1984. Catalytically active hybrids formed in vitro between large and small subunits of different procaryotic ribulose bisphosphate carboxylases. Arch Biochem Biophys 234: 313–317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bachmann M, Maidhof A, Schröder HC, Pfeifer K, Kurz EM, Rose T, Müller I and Müller WEG, 1985. Prochloron (Prochlorophyta): Biochemical contributions to the chlorophyll and RNA composition. Plant Cell Physiol 26: 1211–1222.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bandelt H-J and Von Haeseler A, 1989. The phylogeny of Prochloron: Is there numerical evidence from SAB values? A response to Van Valen, 1989. In: Deuber W et al. (eds) Trees and hierarchical structures. Lecture notes in biomathematics (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber J, 1986. New organism for elucidating the origin of higher plant chloroplasts. Trends in Biochem Sei 11: 234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barclay WR, Kennish JM, Goodrich VM and Fall R, 1987. High levels of phenolic compounds in Prochloron species. Phytochemistry 26: 739–743.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett J, 1984. Regulation of photosynthesis by reversible phosphorylation of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein. Biochem J 212: 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berhow MA and McFadden BA, 1983. Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoribulokinase in Prochloron. Planta 158: 281–287.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bullerjahn GS, Jensen TC, Sherman DM and Sherman LA, 1990. Immunological characterization of the Prochlorothrix hollandica and Prochloron sp. chlorophyll a/b antenna proteins. FEMS Microbiol Lett 67: 99–106.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bullerjahn GS, Matthijs HCP, Mur LR and Sherman LA, 1987. Chlorophyll-protein composition of the thylakoid membrane from Prochlorothrix hollandica, a prokaryote containing chlorophyll b. Eur J Biochem 168: 295–300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burger-Wiersma T and Post AF, 1989. Functional analysis of the photosynthetic apparatus of Prochlorothrix hollandica (Prochlorales), a chlorophyll b containing procaryote. Plant Physiol 91: 770–774

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burger-Wiersma T, Stal LJ and Mur LR, 1989. Prochlorothrix hollandica gen. nov.: a filamentous oxygenic photoautotrophic procaryote containing chlorophylls a and b: assignement to Prochlorothrichaceae fam. nov. and order Prochlorales Florenzano, Balloni and Materassi 1986, with emendation of the ordinal description. Int J Syst Bacteriol 39: 250–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burger-Wiersma T, Veenhuis M, Korthals HJ, Van de Wiel CCM and Mur LR, 1986. A new prokaryote chlorophylls a and b. Nature 320: 262–264.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chisholm SW, Olsen RJ, Zettler ER, Goericke R, Waterbury JB and Welschmeyer NA, 1988. A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone. Nature 334: 340–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Codd GA, 1988. Carboxysomes and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Adv Microbiol Physiol 29: 115–164.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman AW and Lewin RA, 1983. The disposition of DNA in Prochloron (Prochlorophyta). Phycologia 22: 209–212.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox G, 1986a. Comparison of Prochloron from different hosts. I. Structrural and ultrastructural characteristics. New Phytol 104: 429–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox G, 1986b. The origins of chloroplasts in eukaryotes. Nature 322: 412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox G and Dwarte DM, 1981. Freeze-etch ultrastructure of a Prochloron species, the symbiont of Didemnum molle. New Phytol 88: 427–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Critchley C and Andrews TJ, 1984. Photosynthesis and plasmamembrane permeability properties of Prochloron. Arch Microbiol 138: 247–250.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fall R, Lewin RA and Fall LR, 1983. Intracellular coagulation inhibits the extraction of proteins from Prochloron. Phytochemistry 22: 2365–2368.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher Jr CR and Trench RK, 1980. In vitro carbon fixation by Prochloron sp. isolated from Diplosoma virens. Biol Bull 159: 636–648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Florenzano G, Balloni W and Materassi R, 1986. Nomenclature of Prochloron didemni (Lewin 1977) sp. nov., nom. rev., Prochloron (Lewin 1976) gen. nov., nom. rev., Prochloraceae fam. nov., Prochlorales ord. nov., nom. rev. in the class Photobacteria Gibbons and Murray 1978. Int J Syst Bacteriol 36: 351–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foss PA, Lewin RA and Liaaen-Jensen S, 1987. Carotenoids of Prochloron sp. Phycologia 26: 142–144.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrick JF, 1980. The α,l,4-glucans of Prochloron, a prokaryotic green marine alga. Phytochemistry 19: 2611–2613.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrick JF, 1981. Glycosyltransferase isozymes forming storage glucan in Prochloron, a prokaryotic green alga. Phytochemistry 20: 2353–2354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giddings TH, Withers NW and Staehelin LA, 1980. Supramolecular structure of stacked and unstacked regions of the photosynthetic membranes of Prochloron sp., a prokaryote. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 332–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gieskes WWC and Kraay GW, 1983. Unknown chlorophyll a derivatives in the North Sea and the tropical Atlantic Ocean revealed by HPLC analysis. Limnol Oceanogr 28: 757–766.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gieskes WWC, Kraay GW, Nontji A, Setiapermana D and Sutomo, 1988. Monsoonal alternation of a mixed and a layered structure in the phytoplankton of the euphotic zone of the Banda Sea (Indonesia) — A mathematical analysis of algal pigment fingerprints. Neth J Sea 22: 123–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giovannoni SJ, Turner S, Olsen GJ, Barns S, Lane DJ and Pace NR, 1988. Evolutionary relationships among cyanobacteria and green chloroplasts. J Bact 170: 3584–3592.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golechi JR and Jürgens UJ, 1989. Ultrastructural studies on the membrane systems and cell inclusions of the filamentous prochlorophyte Prochlorothrix hollandica. Arch Microbiol 152: 77–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths DJ and Thinh L-V, 1983. Transfer of photosynthetically fixed carbon between the prokaryotic green alga Prochloron and its ascidian host. Austr J Mar Freshw Res 34: 431–440.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths DJ, Thinh L-V and Winsor H, 1984. Crystals and paracrystalline inclusions of Prochloron (Prochlorophyta) symbiotic with the ascidian Trididemnum cyclops (Didemnidae). Bot Mar 27: 117–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawthornthwaite AM and Codd GA, 1988. RuBisCO and the carboxysomes of Prochlorothrix hollandica. In: Abstracts of the VI International Symposium on Photosynthetic Prokaryotes (Mur LR and Burger-Wiersma T, eds), p. 110. Laboratory for Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herdman M, 1981. Deoxyribonucleic acid base composition and genome size of Prochloron. Arch Microbiol 129: 314–316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hiller RG and Larkum AWD, 1985. The chlorophyll-protein complexes of Prochloron sp. (Prochlorophyta). Biochim Biophys Acta 806: 107–115.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johns RB, Nichols PD, Gillan FT, Perry GJ and Volkman JK, 1981. Lipid composition of a symbiotic prochlorophyte in relation to its host. Comp Biochem Physiol 69B: 843–849.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jürgens UJ and Burger-Wiersma T, 1989. Peptidoglycan-polysaccharide complex in the cell wall of the filamentous Prochlorothrix hollandica (Prochlorophyta). J Bacteriol 171: 498–502.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick JR, Deane EM and Bishop DG, 1984. A comparative study of the fatty acid composition of Prochloron lipids. Phycologia 23: 73–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kremer BP, Pardy R and Lewin RA, 1982. Carbon fixation and photosynthates of Prochloron, a green alga symbiotic with an ascidian, Lissoclinum patella. Phycologia 21: 258–263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin RA, 1975. A marine Synechocystis (Cyanophyta, Chroococcales) epizoic on ascidians. Phycologia 14: 153–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin RA, 1976. Prochlorophyta as a proposed new division of algae. Nature 261: 697–698.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin RA, 1977. Prochloron, type genus of the Prochlorophyta. Phycologia 16: 217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin RA, 1981. The prochlorophytes. In: Starr MP, Stolp H, Trüper HG, Balows A and Schlegel HG. The Prokaryotes. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg pp 257–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin RA, 1984. Prochloron — A status report. Phycologia 23: 203–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin RA and Withers NW, 1975. Extraordinary pigment composition of a prokaryotic alga.Nature 256: 735–737.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacKay RM, Salgado D, Bonen l, Stackebrandt E and Doolittle WF, 1982. The 5S ribosomal RNAs of Paracoccus denitrificans and Prochloron. Nucl Acids Res 10: 2963–2970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthijs HCP, Neuteboom AM and Mur LR, 1988. Energy metabolism and cytochromes in the prochlorophyte Prochlorothrix hollandica. In: Abstracts of the VI International Symposium on Photosynthetic Prokaryotes (Mur LR and Burger-Wiersma T, eds) p 109. Laboratory for Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthijs HCP, Van der Staay GWM, Van Amerongen H, Van Grondelle R and Garab Gy, 1989. Structural organization of chlorophyll b in the prochlorophyte Prochlorothrix hollandica. Biochim Biophys Acta 975: 185–187.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCourt RM, Michaels AF and Hoshaw RW, 1984. Seasonality of symbiotic Prochloron and its didemnic host in the northern Gulf of California. Phycologia 23: 95–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller KR and Lyon MK, 1985. Do we really know why thylakoid membranes stack? Trends in Biochem Sci 10: 219–222.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller KR, Jacob JS, Burger-Wiersma T and Matthijs HCP, 1988. Photosynthetic membrane structure in Prochlorothrix hollandica: a chlorophyll b-containing prokaryote. J Cell Sci 91: 577–586.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morden CW and Golden SS, 1989a. psbA genes indicate common ancestry of prochlorophytes and chloroplasts. Nature 337: 382–385.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morden CW and Golden SS, 1989b. psbA genes indicate common ancestry of prochlorophytes and chloroplasts: Corrigendum. Nature 339:400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moriarty DJW, 1979. Muramic acid in the cell walls of Prochloron. Arch Microbiol 120: 191–193.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müller WEG, Maidhof A, Zahn RK, Conrad J, Rose T, Stefanovich P, Müller I, Friese U and Uhlenbruck G, 1984. Biochemical basis for the symbiotic relationship Didemnium-Prochloron (Prochlorophyta). Biol Cell 51: 381–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murata N and Sato N, 1983. Analysis of lipids in Prochloron sp.: occurrence of monoglucosyl diacylglycerol. Plant & Cell Physiol 24: 133–138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olson RR, 1983. Ascidian-Prochloron symbiosis: The role of larval photoadaptations in midday larval release and settlement. Biol Bull 165: 221–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olson RR, 1986. Light-enhanced growth of the ascidian Didemnum molle/Prochloron sp. symbiosis. Mar Biol 93: 437–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Omata T, Okada M and Murata N, 1985. Separation and partial characterization of membranes from Prochloron sp. Plant & Cell Physiol 26: 579–584.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paerl HW, 1984. N2 fixation (nitrogenase activity) attributable to a specific Prochloron (Prochlorophyta)-ascidian association in Palau, Micronesia. Mar Biol 81: 251–254.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paerl HW, Lewin RA and Cheng L, 1984. Variations in chlorophyll and carotenoid pigmentation among Prochloron (Prochlorophyta) symbionts in diverse marine ascidians. Bot Mar 27: 257–264.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pardy RL, 1984. Oxygen consumption and production by tropical ascidians symbiotic with Prochloron. Comp Biochem Physiol 79A: 345–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parry DL, 1985. Nitrogen assimilation in the symbiotic marine algae Prochloron spp. Mar Biol 87: 219–222.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson GM and Withers NW, 1982. Laboratory cultivation of Prochloron, a tryptophan auxotroph. Science 217: 1934–1935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry GJ, Gillan FT and Johns RB, 1978. Lipid composition of a prochlorophyte. J Phycol 14: 369–371.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peschek GA, Wastyn M, Molitor V, Trnka M, Kraushaar H, Obinger C and Matthijs HCP, 1989. Self-contained or accessory respiration in the phototrophic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)? In: Highlights in Modern Biochemistry Vol I. (Kotyk A, ed) VSP Int Science Publ, Zeist, The Netherlands, pp. 893–902.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rieble S and Beale SI, 1988. Transformation of glutamate to d-aminolevulinic acid by soluble extracts of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and other oxygenic prokaryotes. J Biol Chem 263: 8864–8871.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz-Baldes M and Lewin RA, 1976. Fine structure of Synechocystis didemni (Cyanophyta: Chroococcales). Phycologia 15: 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuster G, Nechushtai R, Nelson N and Ohad I, 1985. Purification and composition of photosystem I reaction center of Prochloron sp., an oxygen-evolving prokaryote containing chlorophyll b. FEBS Lett 191: 29–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuster G, Owens GC, Cohen Y and Ohad I, 1984. Thylakoid polypeptide composition and light independent phosphorylation of the chlorophyll a/b protein in Prochloron, a prokaryote exhibiting oxygenic photosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 767: 596–605.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seewaldt E and Stackebrandt E, 1982. Partial sequence of 16S ribosomal RNA and the phylogeny of Prochloron. Nature 295: 618–620.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Senger H, Dörnemann D, Kotzabasis K, Senge M, Schmidt W and Wissenbach M, 1987. Chlorophyll RC I, its structure, function and biosynthesis. In: Biggins J. ed. Progress in Photosynth Res, Vol IV. Martinus Nijhoff Publ., Dordrecht, pp 8.491–8.498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt E and Kandler O, 1982. The murein type of Prochloron. Zbl Bakt Hyg, I. Abt Orig C 3: 354–357.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt E, Seewaldt E, Fowler VJ and Scheifer K, 1982. The relatedness of Prochloron sp isolated from different didemnid ascidian hosts. Arch Microbiol 132: 216–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stam WT, Boele-Bos SA and Stulp BK, 1985. Genotypic relationships between Prochloron samples from different localities and hosts as determined from DNA-DNA reassociations. Arch Microbiol 142: 340–341.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summons RE, 1981. Occurrence, structure and synthesis of 3-(N-methylamino)glutaric acid, an amino acid from Prochloron didemni. Phytochemistry 20: 1125–1127

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thinh L-V, 1978. Photosynthetic lamellae of Prochloron (Prochlorophyta) associated with the ascidian Diplosoma virens (Hartmeyer) in the vicinity of Townsville. Austr J Bot 26: 617–620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thinh L-V and Griffiths DJ, 1977. Studies of the relationship between the ascidian Diplosoma virens and its associated microscopic algae. I. Photosynthetic characteristics of the algae. Austr J Mar Freshw Res 28: 673–681.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thinh L-V, Griffiths DJ and Winsor H, 1985. Cellular inclusions of Prochloron (Prochlorophyta) associated with a range of didemnid ascidians. Bot Mar 28: 167–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorne SW, Newcomb EH and Osmond CB, 1977. Identification of chlorophyll b in extracts of prokaryotic algae by fluorescence spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74: 575–578.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner S, Burger-Wiersma T, Giovannoni SJ, Mur LR and Pace NR, 1989. The relationship of a prochlorophyte Prochlorothrix hollandica to green chloroplasts. Nature 337: 380–382.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Staay GWM, Matthijs HCP and Mur LR, 1989. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of membrane proteins from the prochlorophyte Prochlorothrix hollandica in fixed redox states.Biochim Biophys Acta 975: 317–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Liere L, Breebaart L and Dullemont YL, 1989. Determining the relative number of prochlorophytes in lake phytoplankton using epifluorescence microscopy. Br Phycol J 24: 391–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Valen LM, 1982. Phylogenies in molecular evolution: Prochloron. Nature 298: 493–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volkman JK, Burger-Wiersma T, Nichols PD and Summons RE, 1988. Lipids and chemotaxonomy of Prochlorothrix hollandica, a planktonic prokaryote containing chlorophylls a andb. J Phycol 24: 554–559.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walsby AE, 1986. Prochlorophytes: Origins of chloroplasts. Nature 320: 212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whatley JM, 1977. The fine structure of Prochloron. New Phytol 79: 309–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Withers NW, Alberte RS, Lewin RA, Thornber JP, Britton G and Goodwin TW, 1978a. Photosynthetic unit size, carotenoids, and chlorophyll-protein composition of Prochloron sp., a prokaryotic green alga. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75: 2301–2305.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Withers NW, Vidaver W and Lewin RA, 1978b. Pigment composition, photosynthesis and fine structure of a non-blue-green prokaryotic algal symbiont (Prochloron sp.) in a didemnid ascidian from Hawaiian waters. Phycologia 17: 167–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    T. Burger-Wiersma & H. C. P. Matthijs

Authors
  1. T. Burger-Wiersma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. H. C. P. Matthijs
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The University, Dundee, Scotland

    Geoff A. Codd

  2. University of Groningen, The Netherlands

    Lubbert Dijkhuizen

  3. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

    F. Robert Tabita

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Burger-Wiersma, T., Matthijs, H.C.P. (1990). The Biology of the Prochlorales. In: Codd, G.A., Dijkhuizen, L., Tabita, F.R. (eds) Autotrophic Microbiology and One-Carbon Metabolism. Advances in Autotrophic Microbiology and One-Carbon Metabolism, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1978-5_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1978-5_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7384-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-1978-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation