Skip to main content

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASEN2,volume 13))

Abstract

The term ecology was firstly introduced by Reiter in 1865 and used again in the following year by E. Haeckel [1] to define the study of the relationships of the living organisms both among themselves and with the abiotic environment.This new discipline developed rather slowly particularly on account of the difficulty to carry out observations without interfering with the organisms observed.

Rerm Natura Sacra Sua Non Semel Tradit. Initiatos Nos Cremdimus In Vestibulo Eius Haeremus. Illa Arcana Non Promisque Nec Omnibus Patent. Reducta et Interiore Sacrario Clausa Sunt ex Quibus Aliud Haec Aetas Aliud Quae Post Nos Subibit Asip

L.A. Seneca Naturales Quaestiones Liber VII 30

Nature does not disclose its mystery all at once; we consider ourselves experts while we are stil standing at the entrance; such mysteries are not displayed by chance or to everyone: they are kept inside a safe place, some of them will be understood by us, some by our descendants.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Haeckel E., (1866) Allgemeine Entwicklungsgeschichte der Organismen. Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Morgan K.Z., (1967) History of Damage and Protection from Ionizing Radiations. In: Morgan K.Z. & Turner J.E. Principles of Radiation Protection. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: 14.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Grubbé E.H., (1933)—Priority in the therapeutic use of X-Rays. Radiology 21:156–162.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Capranica S., (1896)—Sulla azione biologica dei raggi di Röntgen. Atti R. Acc. Lincei s. 5, Rend. Classe Se. Fis. Mat. Nat., 5(1): 416–417.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Capranica S., (1897)—Sull’azione biologica dei raggi X. Atti R. Acc. Lincei s. 5, Rend. Classe Se. Fis. Mat. Nat., 6(1): 38–39.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Tarkhanov I., (1896)—[Experiments with the effects of Roentgen X-rays on living organisms] (in Russian) Isv’st. CPB. Biolog. Laborat., 1(3): 47–52.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Pacinotti & Porcelli, (1899) Azioni microbicide esercitate dai raggi Bequerel. Firenze.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Curie P. & Bequerel H., (1901)—Action physiologique des rayons du radium. Compt. Rend. Acad. Se., Paris, 132:1289–1291.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Sklodowska Curie M., (1904) Recherches sur les substances radioactives. Gauthier-Villars, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Polikarpov G.G., (1993)—Radioecology. Atti XXVIII Congr. Naz. A.I.R.P., Taormina, 13–16 Oct. 1993 (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Gajewskaja N. V., (1923)- Effect of roentgen rays on Artemia salina. Verhandl. Internat. Vereinig. Limnologie Stuttgart, 1:359.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Vernadsky W., (1929) La Biosphère dans le cosmos. Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Vernadsky W., (1929)—[On the concentration of radium by living organisms] (in Russian). Doklady Academii Nauk of USSR Ser. A, N° 2:33–34.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Stoklasa J. & Penkava J., (1932) Biologie des Radiums und der Radioactiven Elemente. Erster Band, Die Biologie des Radiums und des Uraniums. Verlag von Paul Parey, Berlin, XIV.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Deleage J.P., (1991)—Histoire de l’écologie. Ed. La Découverte, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Platt R.B. & Mohrbacher J. A., (1959)—Studies in Radiation Ecology: 1. The Program of Study. Bull. Georgia Acad. Sciences 17: 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Webb J.H., (1949)—The Fogging of Photographie Film by Radioactive Contaminants in Cardboard Packaging Materials. Phys. Rev. 76(1): 375–380.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Eisenbud M., (1990)—An environmental Odyssey: people pollution and politics in life ofa practical scientist. Univ. Washington Press, Seattle & Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Eisenbud M. & Harley J.H., (1953)—Radioactive Dust from Nuclear Detonations. Science 117:141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Garrigue H., (1949)—Sur la radioactivité de l’atmosphère. Compt. Rend. Acad. Se. Paris, 228:1583–1584.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Garrigue H., (1950)—Sur la radioactivité naturelle de l’atmosphère. Compt. Rend. Acad. Se. Paris, 230:1272–1274.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Garrigue H., (1950)—Création d’un avion laboratoire et perfectionnement des appareils pour l’étude des faibles activités de l’atmosphère. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc. Paris, 230:2279–2280.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Garrigue H., (1951)—Recrudescence d’anomalies dans la radioactivité de l’air à moyenne altitude. Compt.Rend. Acad. Se., Paris, 232: 827–829.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Garrigue H., (1951)—L’invasion d’air radioactivif d’origine atomique et son influence sur les précipitations atmosphériques. Compt. Rend. Acad. Se., Paris, 232:1003–1004.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Garrigue H., (1951)—Recherches sur la radioactivité de l’air libre. Compt. Rend. Acad. Se. Paris, 233:860–862.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Garrigue H., (1951)—Recherches de radioactivivité au sommet du Puy de Dôme. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc. Paris, 233: 1447–1448.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Garrigue H., (1952)—Recherches sur les précipitations atmosphériques à l’échelle du globe. Compt. Rend.Acad. Sc., Paris, 234:1571–1573.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Garrigue H., (1952)—Sur la radioactivité anormale de l’atmosphère. Compt. Rend. Acad. Se. Paris, 235: 1498–1499.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Garrigue H., (1953)—Observations sur les impuretés contenues dans l’air libre. Compt. Rend. Acad. Se. Paris, 236:2309–2311.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Garrigue H., (1953)—Prospection de la radioactivité de l’air. Compt. Rend. Acad. Se., Paris, 237:802–803.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Garrigue H., (1953)—Sur la radioactivité de l’atmosphère d’origine atomique. Compt. Rend. Acad. Se., Paris, 237: 1232–1233.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Garrigue H., (1954)—Recherches sur la radioactivité de l’atmosphère. Compt Rend. Acad. Sc. Paris, 238: 2074–2075.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Garrigue H., (1954)—Appareil bétamètre et gammamètre adapté à l’étude des dépôts radioactifs recueillis en vol. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc., Paris, 239:1207–1208.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Garrigue H., (1955)—Sur la radioactivité de l’atmosphère d’origine atomique. Compt. Rend. Acad.Se., Paris, 240: 178–180.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Garrigue H., (1955)—Nouvelle recrudescence d’activité d’origine atomique dans l’atmosphère. Compt. Rend.Acad. Sc. Paris, 240: 1453–1455.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Garrigue H., (1955)—Radioactivité de l’atmosphère. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc., Paris, 241: 1971–1972.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Garrigue H., (1956)—Radioactivité de l’air et des précipitations. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc., Paris, 243: 584–585.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Garrigue H., (1958)—Mesures sur la radioactivité d’origine atomique de l’air et des précipitations. Compt.Rend. Acad. Sc., Paris, 246:3089–3091.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Garrigue H., (1959)—Sur la pollution radioactive d’origine artificielle de l’atmosphère et du sol. Compt.Rend. Acad. Sc., Paris, 249: 737–738.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Stefànizzi A., (1950)—Radioactivity of atmospheric precipitates. J. Geophys. Res. 55: 373–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Meinke W.W., (1951)—Observations on Radioactive Snows at Ann-Arbor, Michigan. Science 113: 545.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Cigna A., (1951)—Ripercussioni anche in Italia degli scoppi atomici di Las Vegas ?Incontri 1st. Gonzaga, Milano, 7(5): 84–87.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Cigna A.A., (1993)—Considerations on the Environmental Aspects of Radiation Protection. Proc. NEA Workshop Paris 11–13 January 1993 OECD: 41–52; also as:Rapporto ENEA RT/AMB/93/22.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Santomauro L. & Cigna A., (1953)—Alcune misure sulla radioattività delle precipitazioni atmosferiche. Ann. Geofls.Milano, 6(3): 381–387.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Abribat M., Pouradier J. & Venet A-M., (1952)—Sur les produits radioactifs artificiels existant dans l’atmosphère de la région parisienne. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc., Paris, 235:157–159.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Abribat M. & Pouradier J., (1953)—Évolution de la teneur en radioéléments artificiels existant de l’atmosphère de la région parisienne. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc., Paris, 237:1233–1235.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Abribat M., Pouradier J. & Venet A-M., (1955)—Évolution de la radioactivité de l’atmosphère de la région parisienne. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc., Paris, 240:2310–2311.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Lecolazet R. & Hée A., (1952)—Sur la mesure de la radioactivité de l’air atmosphérique à l’aide du gammamètre. Ann. Géophys. Fr. 8(3): 320–322.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Tanaevsky O. & Vassy É., (1952)—Variations de la radioactivité naturelle et artificielle l’atmosphère. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc., Paris, 241: 38–40.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Tanaevsky O. & Vassy É., (1955)—Natural and artificial radioactivity of the atmosphere. Ann. Géophys. Paris, 11(4): 486–490.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Jeanno C., Tanaevsky O., Labeyrie J. & Vassy É., (1952)—Radioactivité de l’air et des précipitations dans la région parisienne. J. Mécan. Phys. Atmosphère 1(2): 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Rose D.C. & Katzman J., (1952)—Radioactive Deposits Found at Ottawa after the Atomic Explosions of January and February 1951. Canadian J. Phys. 30: 11–116.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Haxel O. & Schumann G., (1953)—Über die radioaktive Verseuchung der Atmosphäre. Naturwissenschaften 40(17): 458–459.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Nishiwaki Y., (1955)—Effects of H-bomb tests in 1954. Atomic Scientistist J 4(5): 279–288.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Szalay A. & Berényi D., sen., (1955)—Unusual radioactivity observed in the atmospherical precipitations in Debrecen (Hungary). Acta Physica Acad. Sc. Hung. 5(1): 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Gedeonov L.I., (1957)—Radioactive contamination of the atmosphere. Soviet J. Atomic Energy 2:313–325 (English translation of:Atomnaya Energiya, 2:26 1–271).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Ravera O. & Vido L., (1961)—Misura del Mn-54 in popolazioni di Unio pictorum L. (Molluschi, Lamellibranchi) del Lago Maggiore. Mem.Ist. Ital. Idrobioi.Pallanza 13:75–84.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Ravera O. & Gaglione P., (1962)—Concentrazione di Mn-54 da fall-out in relazione all’età e all’organo di Unio mancus elongatulus (Molluschi, Lamellibranchi). Rend. Ist. Lomb. Sc. Lett., Milano, (B) 96:157–164; also as: Report EUR 254i.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Amavis R., Smeets J., Branca G., Breuer F., Cigna A., (1974)—Développement et application du concept de la capacité radiologique en radioprotection. Proc. Symp. “Environmental Behaviour of Radionuclides Released in the Nuclear Industry”, Aix-en-Provence 1973, IAEA, Vienna: 583/592.

    Google Scholar 

  60. C.E.C., (1975)—Organization and operation of radioactivity surveillance and control in the vicinity of nuclear plants. Radiological Protection 2, Report EUR 5176e.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Agre A.L. & Korogodin V.I., (1960)—[The distribution of radioactive pollutions in a stagnant reservoir] (in Russian) Medicinskaja Radiologija, 1: 67–72.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Schiager K. J., (1992)- Putting the health back into health physics. Health Physics 63 (3): 257–258.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Polikarpov G.G. & Ivanov V.N., (1961)—(in Russian: Action of90Sr-90Y on developing Engraulis spawn). Vopr. lktiol 1(3): 20–26.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Polikarpov G.G. & Ivanov V.N., (1962)—(in Russian: Harmful effects of90Sr-90Y on the earlly development of Mullus, Crenilabrus, Trachurus and Engraulis). Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 144(1): 219–222.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Polikarpov G.G., (1977)—Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Polikarpov G.G., (1977) -Effects of ionizing radiations upon aquatic organisms (Chronic irradiation). Atti della giornata sul tema alcuni aspetti di radioecologia.XX Congr. Naz. A.J.R.P., Bologna: 25–46.

    Google Scholar 

  67. ICRP, (1978)-Recommendations of the ICRP. Publication 26 Annals of the ICRP 1(3), Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  68. ICRP, (1984)-Protection of the Public in the Event of Major Radiation Accidents: Principles for Planning. Publication. 40Annals of the ICRP 14(2), Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  69. ICRP, (1987)—Lung Cancer Risk from indoor Exposures to Radon Daughters. Publication 50Annals of the ICRP 17(1) Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Rutherford, E., (1905) Harper’s Magazine February.

    Google Scholar 

  71. UNSCEAR, (1962) Report of the U.N. Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiations. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  72. UNSCEAR, (1972) Report of the U.N. Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiations. 1: Levels; 2: Effects. New York.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cigna, A.A. (1996). Origin and Aim of Radioecology. In: Luykx, F.F., Frissel, M.J. (eds) Radioecology and the Restoration of Radioactive-Contaminated Sites. NATO ASI Series, vol 13. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0301-2_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0301-2_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6620-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-0301-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics