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Vulnerability and Exposure to Geomorphic Hazards: Some Insights from the European Alps

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Geomorphology and Society

Part of the book series: Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences ((AGES))

Abstract

Geomorphological processes and society are connected through a diverse set of relationships and feedbacks. One of the main connections concerns the impact of hazardous geomorphic processes on society that lead to economic and life losses. Due to the extent of geomorphological activity in mountain regions, and the considerable proportion of these that are occupied and used by people, mountains are a particular focus in geohazard and interdisciplinary risk research. Taking the European Alps as an example, a short overview indicates the fundamentals of mountain hazard processes and highlights trends in the number of different hazard types in Austria. Climate and environmental change as well as their influence on mountain hazard processes are discussed with a focus on the cryosphere and hydrosphere. Key issues in developing a more thorough understanding of increasing losses and future risk are exposure and vulnerability. Initial insights on exposure are provided by an analysis of the past evolution and current situation in the context of spatial and temporal distribution of values at risk; this is illustrated with reference to Austria. The importance of vulnerability for risk reduction is internationally acknowledged but somewhat less studied and, indeed, seems to be hidden between the different foci of disciplines. Innovative methods for vulnerability analysis (documentation, vulnerability curves) are presented contributing to close this gap. Overall, mountain hazard research highlights the importance of connecting geomorphology and the socio-economy in order to contribute to the most challenging questions of more sustainable societies.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    To identify hazard zones, defined design events are used to estimate the spatial range and pressure distribution of the hazard processes. The methodologies applied therefore differ slightly between the Alpine countries, but the principle for drawing up hazard maps is similar; as described below for snow avalanche hazards in Austria (Republik Österreich 1975, 1976). In Austria, red colour on avalanche hazard maps indicates areas where the expected pressure from avalanches with recurrence intervals T = 150 years exceeds a limit >10 kPa/m2. Yellow colour indicates areas where pressure from avalanches with recurrence intervals T = 150 years is >1 kPa/m2 and <10 kPa/m2. Inside red areas, the construction of new buildings is usually hindered, in some Federal States also legally forbidden. In yellow areas, particular regulations have to be considered with regard to the expected avalanche pressure, such as the reinforcement of walls on the hill side of a building (see also Holub and Fuchs (2009) as well as Keiler and Fuchs (2010) for a related in-depth discussion).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Bern, Institute of Geography, Hallerstrasse 12, Bern, Switzerland

    Margreth Keiler

  2. Institute of Mountain Risk Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Wien, Austria

    Sven Fuchs

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  1. Margreth Keiler
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  2. Sven Fuchs
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Michael E. Meadows

  2. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Jiun-Chuan Lin

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Keiler, M., Fuchs, S. (2016). Vulnerability and Exposure to Geomorphic Hazards: Some Insights from the European Alps. In: Meadows, M., Lin, JC. (eds) Geomorphology and Society. Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56000-5_10

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