Abstract
Synthetic permanently charged polyelectrolytes are intensively used as process auxiliary agents in several branches of industry. Particularly important is their application in solid/liquid separation processes, which are parts of water purification, wastewater treatment, and papermaking. The macromolecular and hydrodynamic characteristics of such synthetic polyelectrolytes strongly influence the efficacy and applicability of the polymers. Despite progress in the understanding of the general solution behavior of polyelectrolytes, their comprehensive characterization remains a challenge. This concerns almost all technologically and practically interesting polyelectrolytes, which typically have very high molar masses and are heterogeneous with respect to the molar mass. In some cases, the chain architecture deviates from the linearity. Analytical ultracentrifugation provides advantages due to the absence of interaction with any column material such as used for chromatographic methods. This chapter presents and discusses the advantages and limitations of analytical ultracentrifugation in terms of polyelectrolyte characterization.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Berth G, Cölfen H, Dautzenberg H (2002) Physicochemical and chemical characterization of chitosan in dilute aqueous solution. Progr Colloid Polym Sci 119:50–57
Bourdillon L, Hunkeler D, Wandrey C (2006) The analytical ultracentrifuge for the characterization of polydisperse polyelectrolytes. Progr Colloid Polym Sci 131:141–149
Budd PM (2002) Determination of molar masses of polyelectrolytes. In: Tripathy S, Kumar J, Nalwa HS (eds) Handbook of polyelectrolytes and their applications, vol 2. Amer Sci Publishers, Stevenson Ranch, pp 91–115
Creeth JM, Knight CG (1965) On estimation of shape of macromolecules from sedimentation and viscosity measurements. Biochim Biophys Acta 102(2):549
Dautzenberg H, Jaeger W, Kötz J, Phillip B, Seidel C, Stscherbina D (1994) Polyelectrolytes: formation, characterization, application. Carl Hanser, Munich
Durchschlag H, Zipper P (1994) Calculation of the partial specific volume of organic compounds and polymers. Prog Colloid Polym Sci 94:20–39
Elias H-G (1990) Makromoleküle, Bd 1. Grundlagen: Struktur-Synthesse-Eigenschaften 5. Aufl., Hüthig & Wepf, Basel, Heidelberg/New York
Gianni P, Lepori L (1996) Group contributions to the partial molar volume of ionic organic solutes in aqueous solution. J Solut Chem 25:1–42
Harding SE (2005) Analysis of polysaccharide size, shape and interactions. In: Scott DJ, Harding SE, Rowe AJ (eds) Analytical ultracentrifugation -techniques and methods. RCS Publishing, London, pp 231–252
Hernandez Barajas J, Hunkeler D (1997) Inverse-emulsion polymerization of acrylamide using copolymeric surfactants: Mechanism, kinetics and modeling. Polymer 38:437–447
Hernandez Barajas J, Hunkeler D, Wandrey C (2004) Polyacrylamide copolymeric flocculants with homogeneous branching: heterophase synthesis and characterization. Polym News 29:239–246
Lavrenko PN, Linow KJ, Görnitz E (1992) The concentration dependence of the sedimentation coefficient of some polysaccharides in very dilute solution. In: Harding SE, Rowe AJ, Horton JC (eds) Analytical ultracentrifugation in biochemistry and polymer science. RCS, Cambridge, pp 517–531
Losada R, Käuper P, Wandrey C (2009) Analysis and study of novel terpolymers composed of acrylamide, mono-charged and double-charged cationic monomers. Polym Test 28:688–695
Mandelkern L, Flory PJ (1952) The frictional coefficient for flexible chain molecules in dilute solution. J Chem Phys 20:212–214
Mandelkern L, Krigbaum WR, Scheraga HA, Flory PJ (1952) Sedimentation behavior of flexible chain molecules-polyisobutylene. J Chem Phys 20:1392–1397
Manning GS (1965) Cluster theory of polyelectrolyte solutions. 2. Additivity rules osmotic pressure and Donnan equilibrium. J Chem Phys 43(12):4260–4267
Manning GS, Zimm BH (1965) Cluster theory of polyelectrolyte solutions, 1. Activity coefficients of mobile ions. J Chem Phys 43(12):4250–4259
Pavlov GM (1997) The concentration dependence of sedimentation for polysaccharides. Eur Biophys J 25(5–6):385–397
Pavlov GM, Frenkel S (1995) Sedimentation parameter of linear polymers. Prog Colloid Polym Sci 99:101–108
Philo J, XLGraph, http://www.jphilo.mailway.com/
Rasteiro MG, Garcia FAP, Ferreira PJ, Antunes E, Hunkeler D, Wandrey C (2010) Flocculation by cationic polyelectrolytes: relating efficiency with polyelectrolyte characteristics. J Appl Polym Sci 116:3603–3612
Rowe AJ (1977) Concentration dependence of transport processes- General description applicable to sedimentation, translational diffusion, and viscosity coefficients of macromolecular solutes. Biopolymers 16(12):2595–2611
Rowe AJ (1992) The concentration dependence of sedimentation. In: Harding SE, Rowe AJ, Horton JC (eds) Analytical ultracentrifugation in biochemistry and polymer science. RCS, Cambridge, pp 394–406
Schuck P (2000) Size distribution analysis of macromolecules by sedimentation velocity ultracentrifugation and Lamm equation modeling. Biophys J 78(3):1606–1619
Schuck P, Sedfit, http://www.analyticalultracentrifugation.com/
Schulz GV, Blaschke F (1941) An equation to calculate the viscosity number for very small concentrations [identifying the molecular weight of macromolecular materials, IX]. J Prakt Chem 158:130–135
Scott DJ, Schuck P (2005) A brief introduction to the analytical ultracentrifugation of proteins for beginners. In: Scott DJ, Harding SE, Rowe AJ (eds) Analytical ultracentrifugation -techniques and methods. RCS Publishing, London, pp 1–25
Tsvetkov VN (1979) Structure and properties of rigid-chain polymer molecules in solutions. Vysokomol Soed Ser A 21(11):2606–2623
Tsvetkov VN, Eskin V, Frenkel S (1970) Structure of macromolecules in solution. Butterworths, London
Tsvetkov VN, Lavrenko PN, Bushin SV (1984) Hydrodynamic invariant of polymer molecules. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 22(11):3447–3486
Tsvetkov VN, Novakovskii VB, Strelina IA et al (1989) Hydrodynamic properties and conformation of molecules of polynaphthoylene benzimidazoles in sulfuric acid. Vysokomol Soed Ser A 31(1):40–44
Wales M, van Holde KE (1954) The concentration dependence of the sedimentation constants of flexible macromolecules. J Polym Sci 14(73):81–86
Wandrey C, Hunkeler D (2002) Study of polyion counterion interaction by electrochemical methods. In: Tripathy S, Kumar J, Nalwa HS (eds) Handbook of polyelectrolytes and their applications, vol 2. Amer Sci Publishers, Stevenson Ranch, pp 147–172
Wandrey C, Bartkowiak A, Hunkeler D (1999) Partial molar and specific volume of polyelectrolytes: comparison of experimental and predicted values in salt-free solutions. Langmuir 15(12):4062–4068
Acknowledgments
The authors thank aquaTech Geneva, Switzerland, for having provided the polyelectrolytes and the Swiss National Science Foundation for financial support (grants 200020_119818/1 and 200020_135162/1).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Japan
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wandrey, C., Ahmadloo, H. (2016). Hydrodynamic Analysis of Synthetic Permanently Charged Polyelectrolytes. In: Uchiyama, S., Arisaka, F., Stafford, W., Laue, T. (eds) Analytical Ultracentrifugation. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55985-6_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55985-6_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-55983-2
Online ISBN: 978-4-431-55985-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)