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Molecular Mechanisms of the Function of Pineal Organs

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Vertebrate Photoreceptors

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Abstract

The pineal organ in nonmammalian species is a light-sensitive brain structure mediating photosensory and photoendocrine functions. This chapter reviews the photopigments and the phototransduction pathways in the pineal organs of chicken, teleosts, and lamprey and those in the pineal-related organ, the parietal eye, of lizard. Chicken pinealocytes contain a rhodopsin-like molecules, pinopsin, which activates a G protein, transducin, in a light-dependent manner resulting in acute suppression of melatonin synthesis within the cells. Pinopsin is dominantly expressed in the avian and reptilian pineal organs, whereas teleost pineal organs have another rhodopsin-like molecule, exo-rhodopsin, instead of pinopsin. The pineal organs of lampreys exhibit antagonistic responses to green and UV light at the interneuron level: This UV response is mediated by parapinopsin in the photoreceptor cells. In lizards, the parietal eye photoreceptor cells show antagonistic responses to green and blue light at the photoreceptor cell level: parietopsin and pinopsin are likely to antagonistically regulate a cGMP pathway to elicit the responses. This chapter also introduces a more recent topic on a new pineal function as producing a neurosteroid, 7α-hydroxypregnenolone, that regulates behavioral activities in some species.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan

    Daisuke Kojima & Yoshitaka Fukada

  2. Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan

    Daisuke Kojima

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  1. Daisuke Kojima
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Correspondence to Daisuke Kojima or Yoshitaka Fukada .

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  1. Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan

    Takahisa Furukawa

  2. Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    James B. Hurley

  3. Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan

    Satoru Kawamura

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Kojima, D., Fukada, Y. (2014). Molecular Mechanisms of the Function of Pineal Organs. In: Furukawa, T., Hurley, J., Kawamura, S. (eds) Vertebrate Photoreceptors. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54880-5_13

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