Zusammenfassung
Bis heute sind drei Virusfamilien bekannt, deren Vertreter ein RNA-Genom mit negativer Orientierung besitzen, das in den infektiösen Viruspartikeln nicht als ein kontinuierliches Molekül, sondern in mehreren Segmenten vorliegt. Es handelt sich um die Arenaviridae, die Bunyaviridae und die Orthomyxoviridae. Ähnlich wie die Mononegavirales (▸ Kapitel 15) benötigen auch sie für die Synthese der mRNA und für die Replikation ein spezielles Enzym, das zusammen mit weiteren Virus-komponenten bei der Infektion in die Zelle gelangt: die RNA-abhängige RNA-Polymerase. Ein in Segmenten vorliegendes Genom ermöglicht den Viren die Bildung von Reassortanten. Hier werden die RNA-Moleküle bei Doppelinfektionen von Zellen mit unterschiedlichen Virus-typen während der Replikation und der Morphogenese gemischt. Die Nachkommenviren können so Neukombinationen der RNA-Segmente und damit neue Eigenschaften erhalten. Besonders häufig und gut untersucht ist dieser Mechanismus, der als antigenic shift bezeichnet wird, bei den Influenza-A-Viren, den Erregern der Virus-influenza oder echten Grippe (▸ Abschnitt 16.3).
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Modrow, S., Falke, D., Truyen, U., Schätzl, H. (2010). Viren mit einzelsträngigem, segmentierten RNA-Genom in Negativstrangorientierung. In: Molekulare Virologie. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8274-2241-5_16
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