Abstract
Functional systems are composed of several morphological regions or structures involved in the coordination and execution of the same function, i.e., sensory system, motor system, brain stem and cranial nerves, autonomic system, cerebral cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus, and hypophyseal system. The concepts of circuit and microcircuit are provided.
The structures involved in the visual system are listed, the visual pathway and visual areas are described and the two different streams, i.e., dorso-dorsal (d-d) stream and ventro-dorsal (v-d) stream presented. The motor system includes the pyramidal system, extrapyramidal system, cerebellum, and lower motor neuron. The major pathways include the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. Sensory information from the peripheral receptors is carried via sensory paths, i.e., somatic afferent pathways, visceral afferent pathways, somatic efferent pathways, and visceral efferent pathways to all parts of the CNS. The cerebral cortex is made up of six layers the neurons of which form a large network of afferent fiber systems on one side and of interneurons on the other side. The limbic system consists of various parts (among others the olfactory system, septal area, mammillary bodies, anterio nuclear group of the thalamus, hippocampal formation, amygdaloid complex, cingulate gyrus, and cortical limbic association areas forming a cyclic limbic pathway and a descending limbic pathway. The hippocampal circuitry includes a polysynaptic intrahippocampal pathway (i.e., entorhinal area, dentate gyrus, CA3, CA1, and subiculum), a direct intrahippocampal pathway, internal regulatory circuits, entirely within the hippocampus, and external regulatory circuits, which involve extrahippocampal structures. The cerebellar cortex has afferent and efferent cerebellar connections and an intrinsic microcircuit made up of mossy fibers, climbing fibers, and aminergic fibers. The afferent and efferent connections of the various thalamic nuclei are widespread and their associated functions multifold. The circuits of the hypothalamus (afferent and efferent connections) are involved in the regulation of autonomic functions, endocrine functions, emotional behavior, and emotional processing.
The connectome, defined as the totality of connections between neurons in a nervous system, is the wiring diagram of the brain. Minds differ because of genomes. Changes of the connectome occur by reweighting, reconnection, rewiring, and regeneration. Connectopathies represent abnormal patterns of neural connection and might underlie mental disorders. The name “rich-club” describes a number of highly connected and highly central neocortical hub regions which play a role in global information integration between different parts of the network providing for intramodular connectivity and playing a central role in maintaining network integrity. Disturbances in rich-club organization are reported to occur in schizophrenia, psychosis, patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures, migraine sufferers, brain ischemia protein interaction network, brain aging, autism spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Alzheimer disease.
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Weis, S. et al. (2019). Functional Systems. In: Imaging Brain Diseases. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1544-2_12
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