Zusammenfassung
Protostomia (Urmünder) stellen eine Großgruppe der Bilateria dar. Die Gruppe wird dadurch definiert, dass der Urmund (Blastoporus) sich zum definitiven Mund entwickelt (◘ Abb. 5.1). Obwohl dieses Merkmal innerhalb der einzelnen Gruppen der Protostomia sehr divers erscheint, zeigt sich die Gruppe durch morphologische, ontogenetische und molekulare Merkmale als Monophylum. Die Trochaea-Hypothese rekonstruiert die Stammart der Protostomia mit einer pelagischen Trochophora-Larve und einem benthischen Adultus (Gastrula-ähnlich).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Literatur
Adoutte A, Balavoine G, Lartillot N et al (1999) Animal evolution: the end of the intermediate taxa? Trends Genet 15:104–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9525(98)01671-0
Aguinaldo AMA, Turbeville JM, Linford LS et al (1997) Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals. Nature 387:489–493. https://doi.org/10.1038/387489a0
Ahlrichs W (1995) Ultrastruktur und Phylogenie von Seison nebaliae (Grube 1859) und Seison annulatus (Claus 1876). Cuvillier, Göttingen
Ahyoung ST, Lowry JK, Alonso M, Bamber RN, Boxshall GA, Castro P, Gerken S, Karaman GS, Goy JW, Jones DS et al (2011) Subphylum Crustacea Brünnich, 1772. In: Zhang ZQ (Hrsg) Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richnes. Zootaxa, Bd 3148. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.3
Baer A, Mayer G (2012) Comparative anatomy of slime glands in Onychophora (velvet worms). J Morphol 273:1079–1088. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20044
Bleidorn C (2019) Recent progress in reconstructing lophotrochozoan (spiralian) phylogeny. Org Divers Evol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-019-00412-4
Brusca RC, Brusca GJ (2003) Invertebrates. Sinauer, Basingstoke
Burda H, Hilken G, Zrzavý J (2016) Systematische Zoologie. UTB, Stuttgart
Campbell NA, Reece JB, Urry LA et al (2015) Campbell biologie. Pearson, Boston
Dunn CW, Hejnol A, Matus DQ et al (2008) Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life. Nature 452:745–749
Funch P, Møbjerg Kristensen R (1995) Cycliophora is a new phylum withaffinities to Entoprocta and Ectoprocta. Nature 378:711–714. https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__doi.org_10.1038_378711a0&d=DwIDaQ&c=vh6FgFnduejNhPPD0fl_yRaSfZy8CWbWnIf4XJhSqx8&r=8Dm-Ev2u3HnLaDBYiw-7U5FN3kZaTbwjBjTqGsv0vRa5ST5aCVdJCESMwSvGozWS&m=EAl7oRKoFtMec9ySrpRN3nNzCuxPTvZQl8ngaBOnnjU&s=Ti3uz4NgFHUCJrkw7EX6nTl_DNRfX2Xu0TsyIHthGq8&e=
Giribet G, Edgecombe GD (2019) The phylogeny and evolutionary history of arthropods. Curr Biol 29:R592–R602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.057
Guilding L (1826) Mollusca Caribbaeana. Zoological Journal 2:437–449
Hejnol A, Obst M, Stamatakis A et al (2009) Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 276:4261–4270
Hou X, Bergström J (2008) Cambrian lobopodians-ancestors of extant onychophorans? Zool J Linnean Soc 114:3–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00110.x
Kocot KM (2016) On 20 years of Lophotrochozoa. Org Divers Evol 16:329–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-015-0261-3
Kristensen RM (1983) Loricifera, a new phylum with Aschelminthes characters from the meiobenthos1. J Zool Syst Evol Res 21:163–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.1983.tb00285.x
Kristensen RM (2003) Comparative morphology: do the ultrastructural investigations of Loricifera and Tardigrada support the clade Ecdysozoa? In: Legakis A, Sfenthourakis S, Polymeni R et al (Hrsg) The new panorama of animal evolution. Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Zoology. Pensoft, Sofia, S 467–477
Luo Y-J, Kanda M, Koyanagi R, Hisata K, Akiyama T, Sakamoto H, Sakamoto T, Satoh N (2018) Nemertean and phoronid genomes reveal lophotrochozoan evolution and the origin of bilaterian heads. Nat Ecol Evol 2:141–151. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0389-y
Martin C, Gross V, Hering L et al (2017) The nervous and visual systems of onychophorans and tardigrades: learning about arthropod evolution from their closest relatives. J Comp Physiol A 203:565–590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-017-1186-4
Misof B, Liu S, Meusemann K et al (2014) Phylogenomics resolves the timing and pattern of insect evolution. Science 346:763–767. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1257570
Nielsen C (2012) Animal evolution: interrelationships of the living phyla, 3. Aufl. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Nielsen C, Scharff N, Eibye-Jacobsen D (1996) Cladistic analyses of the animal kingdom. Biol J Linn Soc 57:385–410
Purves WK, Sadava D et al (2011) Purves Biologie. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg
von Reumont BM, Jenner RA, Wills MA et al (2012) Pancrustacean phylogeny in the light of new phylogenomic data: support for Remipedia as the possible sister group of Hexapoda. Mol Biol Evol 29:1031–1045
Roeding F, Hagner-Holler S, Ruhberg H et al (2007) EST sequencing of Onychophora and phylogenomic analysis of Metazoa. Mol Phylogenet Evol 45:942–951
Rota-Stabelli O, Kayal E, Gleeson D et al (2010) Ecdysozoan mitogenomics: evidence for a common origin of the legged invertebrates, the Panarthropoda. Genome Biol Evol 2:425–440
Sadava D, Hillis DM, Heller HC, Hacker SD (2019) Purves biologie. Springer Spektrum, Heidelberg
Schumann I, Kenny N, Hui J et al (2018) Halloween genes in panarthropods and the evolution of the early moulting pathway in Ecdysozoa. R Soc Open Sci 5:180888
Storch V, Welsch U (2014) Kükenthal – Zoologisches Praktikum. Springer, Heidelberg
Wanninger A (2015) Evolutionary developmental biology of invertebrates 1–5. Springer, Heidelberg
Wehner R, Gehring WJ (2013) Zoologie. Thieme, Stuttgart
Weigert A, Bleidorn C (2016) Current status of annelid phylogeny. Org Divers Evol 16:345–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0265-7
Westheide W, Rieger R (2013) Spezielle Zoologie: Teil 1 Einzeller und Wirbellose. Springer, Heidelberg
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schumann, I., Schaffer, S. (2020). Spezielle Zoologie Teil B: Bilateria – Prostostomia. In: Prüfungstrainer Spezielle Zoologie. Springer Spektrum, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61671-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61671-0_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer Spektrum, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-61670-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-61671-0
eBook Packages: Life Science and Basic Disciplines (German Language)