Abstract
Light-weight composites are preferred for automotive, aircraft, building, and other applications as they can provide better performance at lower weight per unit area. Reducing the weight of the composite also means using lesser materials which lowers costs. For several decades, attempts have been made to develop light-weight composites using aluminum and other metals. However, recent focus on the use of biodegradable and sustainable materials makes metallic materials undesirable for use. Agricultural residues and other organic biomass are renewable, sustainable, and available in abundance at low cost. Several of these residues and byproducts such as straw and feathers are light-weight and porous and ideally suited as reinforcement in composites. Composites have been developed using these hollow fibrous structures with the traditional synthetic polymer based matrices and also biodegradable matrices such as poly(lactic acid). Since natural materials are hydrophilic and synthetic polymers are hydrophobic, compatibilizers are necessary to improve properties. Injection and compression molding are the most common methods used to fabricate the composites. Natural hollow fibrous structures show good promise as reinforcements, but several challenges and limitations have to be overcome to enable commercial production and use of such composites feasible.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Kabir MM, Wang H, Lau KT, Cardona F (2012) Chemical treatments on plant based natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. Composit Part B 43:2883–2892
Panthapulakkal S, Zereshkian A, Sain M (2006) Preparation and characterization of wheat straw fibers for reinforcing application in injection molded thermoplastic composites. Bioresour Technol 97:265–272
Panthapulakkal S, Sain M (2014) The use of wheat straw fibers as reinforcements in composites. In: Biofibers reinforcement in composite materials. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Pan M, Zhou D, Bousmina M, Zhang SY (2009) Effects of wheat straw fiber content and characteristics and coupling agent concentration on the mechanical properties of wheat straw fiber polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 113:1000–1007
Pan M, Zhou D, Deng J, Zhang SY (2009) Preparation and properties of wheat straw fiber polypropylene composites I investigation of surface treatments on the wheat straw fiber. J Appl Polym Sci 114:3049–3056
Pfister DP, Larock RC (2010) Green composites from a conjugated linseed oil based resin and wheat straw. Composites Part A 41:1279–1288
Reddy RC, Sardashti AP, Simon LC (2010) Preparation and characterization of polypropylene wheat straw clay composites. Compos Sci Technol 70:1674–1680
Nyambo C, Mohanty AK, Misra M (2011) Effect of maleated compatibilizer and performance of PLA/wheat straw based green composites. Macromol Mater Eng 296:710–718
Alemdar A, Sain M (2008) Biocomposites from wheat straw nanofibers: morphology, thermal and mechanical properties. Compos Sci Technol 68:557–565
Ahankari SS, Mohanty AK, Misra M (2011) Mechanical behavior of agro residue reinforced poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) green composites: a comparison with traditional polypropylene composites. Compos Sci Technol 71:653–657
Pradhan R, Misra M, Erickson L, Mohanty A (2010) Compostability and biodegradation study of PLA-wheat straw based green composites in simulated compositing bioreactor. Bioresour Technol 101:8489–8491
Chen J, Su M, Ye J, Yang Z, Cai Z, Yan H, Hong J (2014) All straw fiber composites: benzylated straw as matrix and additional straw fiber reinforced composites. Polym Compos 35:419–426
Bassyouni M, Waheed S, Hasan UL (2015) Use of rice straw and husk fibers as reinforcements in composites. In: Faruk O, Sain M (eds) Biofiber reinforcements in composite materials. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 385–422
Basta AH, El-Saied H, Lofty VF (2014) Performance assessment of deashed and dewaxed rice straw on improving the quality of RS-based composites. RSC Adv 4:21794–21801
Yao F, Wu Q, Lei Y, Xu Y (2008) Rice straw fiber reinforced high density polyethylene composite: effect of fiber type and loading. Ind Crop Prod 28:63–72
Jayamani E, Hamdan S, Rahman MR, Bakri MKB (2015) Study of absorption co-efficients and characterization of rice straw stem fibers reinforced polypropylene composites. Bioresources 10(2):3378–3392
Qin L, Qiu J, Liu M, Ding S, Shao S, Shao L, Lu S, Zhang G, Zhao Y, Fu X (2011) Mechanical and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid) composites with rice straw fiber modified by poly(butyl acrylate). Chem Eng J 166(2):772–778
Zhao Y, Qiu J, Feng H, Zhang M, Lei L, Wu X (2011) Improvement of tensile and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid) composites with admicellar-treated rice straw fiber. Chem Eng J 173(2):659–666
Bassyouni M, Taha I, Shereen MS, Abdel-hamid MS, Steuernagel L (2012) Physio-mechanical properties of chemically treated polypropylene rice straw biocomposites. J Reinf Plast Compos 31(5):303–312
Wu Y, Wang S, Zhou D, Zhang Y, Wang X, Yang R (2012) Biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites made from rice straw fibrils: mechanical and thermal properties. J Compos Mater 47(2):1449–1459
Liu J, Jia C, He C (2012) Rice straw and cornstarch biodegradable composites. AASRI Procedia 3:83–88
Sakai E, Qiu JH, Murata T, Kazushi I, Takahashi T (2011) Degradation characteristics of rice straw/poly(lactic acid) composites. Adv Mater Res 391–392:1268–1272
Abdul Khalil HPS, Bhat IUH, Jawaid M, Zaidon A, Hermawan D, Hadi YS (2012) Bamboo fiber reinforced biocomposites: a review. Mater Design 42:353–368
Liu K, Takagi H, Osugi R, Yang Z (2012) Effect of physiochemical structure of natural fiber on transverse thermal conductivity of unidirectional abaca/bamboo fiber composites. Composites Part A 43:1234–1241
Okubo K, Fujii T, Thostenson ET (2009) Multi-scale hybrid biocomposite: processing and mechanical characterization of bamboo fiber reinforced PLA with microfibrillated cellulose. Composit Part A 40:469–475
Luz SM, Goncalves AR, Del Arco AP (2007) Mechanical behavior and microstructural analysis of sugarcane bagasse fibers reinforced polypropylene composites. Composit Part A 38:1455–1461
Mulinari DR, Voorwald HJC, Cioffi MOH, Silva MLCP, Cruz TG, Saron C (2009) Sugarcane bagasse cellulose/HDPE composites obtained by extrusion. Compos Sci Technol 69:214–219
Mileo PC, Mulinari DR, Baptista CARP, Rocha GJM, Goncalves AR (2011) Mechanical behavior of polyurethane from castor oil reinforced sugarcane straw cellulose composites. Procedia Eng 10:2068–2073
Razali N, Salit MS, Jawaid M, Ishak MR, Lazim Y (2015) A study on chemical composition, physical, tensile, morphological and thermal properties of Roselle fiber, effect of fiber maturity. Bioresources 10(1):1803–1182
Chauhan A, Kaith B (2012) Accreditation of novel roselle grafted fiber reinforced biocomposites. J Eng Fiber Fabr 7(2):66–76
Reddy N, Yang Y (2010) Non-traditional lightweight polypropylene composites reinforced with milkweed floss. Polym Int 59:884–890
Bledzki AK, Franciszczak P, Osman Z, Elbadawi M (2015) Polypropylene biocomposites reinforced with softwood, abaca, jute and kenaf fibers. Ind Crop Prod 70:91–98
Shibata S, Cao Y, Fukumoto I (2006) Lightweight laminate composites made from kenaf and polypropylene fibers. Polym Test 25:142–148
Bulota M, Budtova T (2015) Highly porous and light-weight flax/PLA composites. Ind Crop Prod 74:132–138
Tran LQN, Minh TN, Fuentes CA, Chi TT, Vuure AWV, Verpoest I (2015) Investigation of microstructure and tensile properties of porous natural coir fiber for use in composite materials. Ind Crop Prod 65:437–445
Mir SS, Nafsin N, Hasan M, Hasan N, Hassan A (2013) Improvement of physic-mechanical properties of coir polypropylene biocomposites by fiber chemical treatment. Mater Design 52:251–257
Ramanaiah K, Ratna Prasad AV, Reddy KHC (2012) Effect of fiber loading on mechanical properties of Borassus seed shoot fiber reinforced polyester composites. J Mater Environ Sci 3(3):374–378
Rao KMM, Rao KM, Prasad AVR (2010) Fabrication and testing of natural fibre composites, Vakka, sisal, bamboo and banana. Mater Design 31:508–513
Prasad AVR, Rao KM (2011) Mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced polyester composites: Jowar, sisal and bamboo. Mater Design 32:4658–4663
Chattopadhyay SK, Singh S, Pramanik N, Niyogi UK, Khandal RK, Uppaluri R, Ghoshal AK (2011) Biodegradability studies on natural fibers reinforced polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 121:2226–2232
Flandez J, Gonzalez I, Resplandis JB, Mansouri NE, Vilaseca F, Mutje P (2012) Management of corn stalk waste as reinforcement for polypropylene injection molded composites. Bioresources 7(2):1836–1849
Reddy N, Yang Y (2007) Natural cellulose fibers from switchgrass with tensile properties similar to cotton and linen. Biotechnol Bioeng 97:1012–1027
Zou Y, Xu H, Yang Y (2010) Lightweight polypropylene composites reinforced by long switchgrass stems. J Polym Environ 18:464–473
Reddy N (2015) Non-food industrial applications of poultry feathers. Waste Manag 45:91–107
Huda S, Yang Y (2008) Composites from ground chicken quill and polypropylene. Compos Sci Technol 68:790–798
Barone JR, Schmidt WF (2005) Polyethylene reinforced with keratin fibers obtained from chicken feathers. Compos Sci Technol 65(2):173–1811
Barone JR, Schmidt WF, Liebner CFE (2005) Compounding and molding of polyethylene composites reinforced with keratin feather fiber. Compos Sci Technol 65:683–692
Ghani SA, Tan SJ, Yeng TS (2015) Properties of chicken feather fiber filled low density polyethylene composites: the effect of polyethylene grafted maleic anhydride. Polym-Plast Technol Eng 52:495–500
Yang Y, Reddy N (2013) Utilizing discarded plastic bags as matrix material for composites reinforced with chicken feathers. J Appl Polym Sci 130:307–312
Flores-Hernandez CG, Colin-Cruz A, Velasco-Santos C, Castano VM, Rivera-Armenta JL, Almendarez-Camarillo A, Garcia-Casillas PE, Martinez-Herandez AL (2014) All green composites from fully renewable biopolymers: Chitosan-starch reinforced with keratin from feathers. Polymers 6:686–705
Carrillo F, Rahhali A, Canavate J, Colom X (2013) Biocomposites using waste whole chicken feathers and thermoplastic matrices. J Reinf Plast Compos 32(19):1419–1429
Reddy N, Jiang J, Yang Y (2014) Biodegradable composites containing chicken feathers as matrix and jute fibers as reinforcement. J Polym Environ 22:310–317
Supri AG, Aizat AE, Yazid MIM, Masturina M (2015) Chicken feather fibers recycled high density polyethylene composites: the effect of Ɛ-caprolactum. J Thermoplast Compos Mater 28(3):327–339
Huda S, Yang Y (2009) Feather fiber reinforced light-weight composites with good acoustic properties. J Polym Environ 17:131–142
Reddy N, Yang Y (2010) Light-weight polypropylene composites reinforced with whole chicken feathers. J Appl Polym Sci 116:3668–3675
Kiew KS, Rahman MR, Hamdan S, Talibb ZA (2013) Maleic anhydride modified unsaturated polyester composites reinforced with chicken feather fiber: dielectric and morphological study. World Appl Sci J 25(6):899–907
Cheng S, Lau K, Liu T, Zhao Y, Lam P, Yin Y (2009) Mechanical and thermal properties of chicken feather fiber/PLA green composites. Composit Part B 40:650–654
Acknowledgments
Author thanks the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India for support through the Ramalingaswami Fellowship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Reddy, N. (2017). Composites Reinforced with Hollow Natural Organic Fibrous Structures. In: Yang, Y., Yu, J., Xu, H., Sun, B. (eds) Porous lightweight composites reinforced with fibrous structures. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53804-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53804-3_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-53802-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-53804-3
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)