Skip to main content

Renal Tumors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Surgery of Childhood Tumors

Abstract

Renal tumors in childhood are variable in presentation, histology and clinical outcome. The vast majority of children with renal tumors are now successfully treated. The history and evolution of the multidisciplinary treatment effort required is described. This effort is a triumph of modern medicine and has served as a paradigm for all multimodal cancer therapy. Data accrued from well designed international cooperative clinical trials has provided a rich database for ongoing clinical trial design and biologic specimens for translational research. The biology, pathology and current treatment for renal tumors in childhood are described.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Huff [87].

  2. 2.

    Pearlman et al. [131].

  3. 3.

    Grundy et al. [74].

  4. 4.

    Pinkerton et al. [134].

  5. 5.

    Green et al. [66].

  6. 6.

    Malogolowkin et al. [113].

  7. 7.

    Termuhlen et al. [175].

References

  1. Agrons GA, Wagner BJ, Davidson AJ, Suarez ES. Multilocular cystic renal tumor in children: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 1995;15:653–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Anderson J, Slater O, McHugh K, Duffy P, Pritchard J. Response without shrinkage in bilateral Wilms tumor: significance of rhabdomyomatous histology. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2002;24:31–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Andrews PE, Kelalis PP, Haase GM. Extrarenal Wilms’ tumor: results of the National Wilms’ Tumor Study. J Pediatr Surg. 1992;27:1181–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Argani P, Fritsch M, Kadkol SS, Schuster A, Beckwith JB, Perlman EJ. Detection of the ETV6-NTRK3 chimeric RNA of infantile fibrosarcoma/cellular congenital mesoblastic nephroma in paraffin-embedded tissue: application to challenging pediatric renal stromal tumors. Mod Pathol. 2000;13:29–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Argani P, Perlman EJ, Breslow NE, Browning NG, Green DM, D’Angio GJ, Beckwith JB. Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney: a review of 351 cases from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group Pathology Center. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000;24:4–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Baxter PA, Nuchtern JG, Guillerman RP, Mahoney DH, Teruya J, Chintagumpala M, Yee DL. Acquired von Willebrand syndrome and Wilms tumor: not always benign. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009;52:392–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Beckwith JB. Mesenchymal renal neoplasms of infancy revisited. J Pediatr Surg. 1974;9:803–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Beckwith JB. Wilms’ tumor and other renal tumors of childhood: a selective review from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Pathology Center. Hum Pathol. 1983;14:481–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Beckwith JB. The John Lattimer lecture. Wilms tumor and other renal tumors of childhood: an update. J Urol. 1986;136:320–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Beckwith J. Reply. Pediatr Pathol. 1993;13:886–7.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Beckwith JB. Precursor lesions of Wilms tumor: clinical and biological implications. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1993;21:158–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Beckwith J. Wilms’ tumor in multicystic dysplastic kidneys: What is the risk? Dialogues Pediatr Urol. 1996;78:1P.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Beckwith JB, Kiviat NB, Bonadio JF. Nephrogenic rests, nephroblastomatosis, and the pathogenesis of Wilms’ tumor. Pediatr Pathol. 1990;10:1–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Beckwith JB, Palmer NF. Histopathology and prognosis of Wilms tumors: results from the First National Wilms’ Tumor Study. Cancer. 1978;41:1937–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bennington JL, Beckwith JB. Tumors of the kidney, renal pelvis and ureter. Washington DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. 1975. Atlas of Tumor Pathology, Second Series, Fascicle 12.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bergeron C, Iliescu C, Thiesse P, et al. Does nephroblastomatosis influence the natural history and relapse rate in Wilms’ tumour? A single centre experience over 11 years. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37:385–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bernstein L, Linet M, Smith MA, Olshan A. Renal tumors. In: Ries L, Smith MA, Gurney J, editors. Cancer incidence and survival among children and adolescents: United States SEER Program 1975–1995. Bethesda: National Cancer Institute; 1999. p. 79–90.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Biegel JA, Zhou JY, Rorke LB, et al. Germ-line and acquired mutations of INI1 in atypical teratoid and rhabdoid tumors. Cancer Res. 1999;59:74–9.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Blakely ML, Shamberger RC, Norkool P, Beckwith JB, Green DM, Ritchey ML, National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. Outcome of children with cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma treated with or without chemotherapy. J Pediatr Surg. 2003;38:897–900.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Blute ML, Kelalis PP, Offord KP, Breslow N, Beckwith JB, D’Angio GJ. Bilateral Wilms tumor. J Urol. 1987;138:968–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Boccon-Gibod L, Rey A, Sandstedt B, Delemarre J, Harms D, Vujanic G, De Kraker J, Weirich A, Tournade MF. Complete necrosis induced by preoperative chemotherapy in Wilms tumor as an indicator of low risk: report of the international society of paediatric oncology (SIOP) nephroblastoma trial and study 9. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2000;34:183–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bolande RP. Congenital and infantile neoplasia of the kidney. Lancet. 1974;2:1497–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bolande RP, Brough AJ, Izant Jr RJ. Congenital mesoblastic nephroma of infancy. A report of eight cases and the relationship to Wilms’ tumor. Pediatrics. 1967;40:272–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Bonnin JM, Rubinstein LJ, Palmer NF, Beckwith JB. The association of embryonal tumors originating in the kidney and in the brain. A report of seven cases. Cancer. 1984;54:2137–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Breslow N, Beckwith JB, Ciol M, Sharples K. Age distribution of Wilms’ tumor: report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study. Cancer Res. 1988;48:1653–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Breslow N, Collins A, Ritchey M, et al. End stage renal disease in patients with Wilms’ tumor: result from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group and the United States Renal Data System. J Urol. 2005;174:1972–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Breslow N, Ou S, Beckwith J, et al. Doxorubicin for favorable histology, stage II-III Wilms’ tumor: results from the National Wilms’ Tumor Studies. Cancer. 2004;101:1072–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Breslow NE, Takashima JR, Whitton JA, Moksness J, D’Angio GJ, Green DM. Second malignant neoplasms following treatment for Wilm’s tumor: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:1851–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Burger D, Moorman-Voestermans CG, Mildenberger H, et al. The advantages of preoperative therapy in Wilms’ tumour. A summarised report on clinical trials conducted by the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP). Z Kinderchir. 1985;40:170–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Chan KL, Chan KW, Lee CW, Saing H. Preoperative chemotherapy for mesoblastic nephroma. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1995;24:271–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Choyke PL, Siegel MJ, Craft AW, Green DM, DeBaun MR. Screening for Wilms tumor in children with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome or idiopathic hemihypertrophy. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1999;32:196–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Clericuzio CL. Clinical phenotypes and Wilms tumor. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1993;21:182–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Coppes MJ, Arnold M, Beckwith JB, Ritchey ML, D’Angio GJ, Green DM, Breslow NE. Factors affecting the risk of contralateral Wilms tumor development: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Cancer. 1999;85:1616–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Coppes MJ, Tournade MF, Lemerle J, Weitzman S, Rey A, Burger D, Carli M, Voute PA. Preoperative care of infants with nephroblastoma. The International Society of Pediatric Oncology 6 experience. Cancer. 1992;69:2721–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Coppes MJ, Wilson PC, Weitzman S. Extrarenal Wilms’ tumor: staging, treatment, and prognosis. J Clin Oncol. 1991;9:167–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Cozzi F, Schiavetti A, Bonanni M, Cozzi DA, Matrunola M, Castello MA. Enucleative surgery for stage I nephroblastoma with a normal contralateral kidney. J Urol. 1996;156:1788–91; discussion 1791–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Craft AW. Screening for Wilms’ Tumor in patients with aniridia, Beckwith syndrome, or hemihypertrophy. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1995;24:231–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. D’Angio GJ, Breslow N, Beckwith JB, et al. Treatment of Wilms’ tumor. Results of the Third National Wilms’ Tumor Study. Cancer. 1989;64:349–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. D’Angio GJ, Evans AE, Breslow N, et al. The treatment of Wilms’ tumor: results of the national Wilms’ tumor study. Cancer. 1976;38:633–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. D’Angio GJ, Evans A, Breslow N, et al. The treatment of Wilms’ tumor: results of the Second National Wilms’ Tumor Study. Cancer. 1981;47:2302–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Davidoff AM, Giel DW, Jones DP, Jenkins JJ, Krasin MJ, Hoffer FA, Williams MA, Dome JS. The feasibility and outcome of nephron-sparing surgery for children with bilateral Wilms tumor: The St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital experience 1999–2006. Cancer. 2008;112:2060–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. DeChiara TM, Robertson EJ, Efstratiadis A. Parental imprinting of the mouse insulin-like growth factor II gene. Cell. 1991;64:849–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Delahunt B, Thomson K, Ferguson A, et al. Familial cystic nephroma and pleuro-pulmonary blastoma. Cancer. 1993;71:1338–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Dinkel E, Britscho J, Dittrich M, Schulte-Wissermann H, Ertel M. Renal growth in patients nephrectomized for Wilms tumour as compared to renal agenesis. Eur J Pediatr. 1988;147:54–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Dome J, Bockhold C, Li SM, et al. High telomerase RNA expression level is an adverse prognostic factor for favorable-histology Wilms’ tumor. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:9138–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Fan R. Primary renal neuroblastoma – a clinical pathologic study of 8 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36:94–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Farber S. Chemotherapy in the treatment of leukemia and Wilms’ tumor. JAMA. 1966;198:826–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Farewell VT, D’Angio GJ, Breslow N, Norkool P. Retrospective validation of a new staging system for Wilms’ tumor. Cancer Clin Trials. 1981;4:167–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Faria P, Beckwith JB, Mishra K, Zuppan C, Weeks DA, Breslow N, Green DM. Focal versus diffuse anaplasia in Wilms tumor – new definitions with prognostic significance: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Am J Surg Pathol. 1996;20:909–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Fischbach B, Trout K, Lewis J, et al. WAGR syndrome: a clinical review of 54 cases. Pediatrics. 2005;116:984–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Francke U, George DL, Brown MG, Riccardi VM. Gene dose effect: intraband mapping of the LDH A locus using cells from four individuals with different interstitial deletions of llp. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1977;19:197–207.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Fyfe G, Fisher RI, Rosenberg SA, Sznol M, Parkinson DR, Louie AC. Results of treatment of 255 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who received high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:688–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Geller J, Dome J. Local lymph node involvement does not predict poor outcome in pediatric renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2004;101:1575–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Gillan T, Hughes R, Godbout R, Grundy P. The Simpson-Golabi-Behmel gene, GPC3, is not involved in sporadic Wilms’ tumorigenesis. Am J Med Genet A. 2003;122:30–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Godzinski J, Tournade MF, deKraker J, et al. Rarity of surgical complications after postchemotherapy nephrectomy for nephroblastoma. Experience of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology-Trial and Study “SIOP-9”. International Society of Paediatric Oncology Nephroblastoma Trial and Study Committee. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 1998;8:83–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Graf N, Tournade MF, De Kraker J. The role of preoperative chemotherapy in the management of Wilms’ tumor. The SIOP studies. Urol Clin North Am. 2000;27:443–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Green DM, Beckwith JB, Breslow NE, et al. Treatment of children with stages II to IV anaplastic Wilms’ tumor: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:2126–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Green DM, Beckwith JB, Weeks DA, Moksness J, Breslow NE, D’Angio GJ. The relationship between microsubstaging variables, age at diagnosis, and tumor weight of children with stage I/favorable histology Wilms’ tumor. A report from the National Wilms’ Tumor study. Cancer. 1994;74:1817–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Green DM, Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, Moksness J, Finklestein JZ, D’Angio GJ. Treatment of children with clear-cell sarcoma of the kidney: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:2132–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Green DM, Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, et al. Effect of duration of treatment on treatment outcome and cost of treatment for Wilms’ tumor: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:3744–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Green DM, Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, et al. Comparison between single-dose and divided-dose administration of dactinomycin and doxorubicin for patients with Wilms’ tumor: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:237–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Green DM, Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, et al. Treatment with nephrectomy only for small, stage I/favorable histology Wilms’ tumor: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:3719–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Green DM, Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, Norkool P. Screening of children with hemihypertrophy, aniridia, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome in patients with Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1993;21:188–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Green DM, Breslow NE, Evans I, Moksness J, Finklestein JZ, Evans AE, D’Angio GJ. The effect of chemotherapy dose intensity on the hematological toxicity of the treatment for Wilms’ tumor. A report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1994;16:207–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Green DM, Breslow NE, D’Angio GJ. The treatment of children with unilateral Wilms’ tumor. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:1009–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Green D, Cotton C, Malogolowkin M, et al. Treatment of Wilms tumor relapsing after initial treatment with Vincristine and Actinomycin D: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007;48:493–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Green D, Finklestein JZ, Tefft M, Norkool P. Diffuse interstitial pneumonitis after pulmonary irradiation for metastatic Wilms’ tumor. A report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study. Cancer. 1989;63:450–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Green DM, Grigoriev YA, Nan B, Takashima JR, Norkool PA, D’Angio GJ, Breslow NE. Congestive heart failure after treatment for Wilms’ tumor: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study group. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:1926–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Green D, Peabody E, Nan B, et al. Pregnancy outcome after treatment for Wilms’ tumor: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:2056–513.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Grigoriev Y, Lange J, Peterson SM, Takashima JR, Ritchey ML, Ko D, Feusner JH, Shamberger RC, Green DM, Breslow NE. Treatments and outcomes for end-stage renal disease following Wilms tumor. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012;27:1325–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Gronskov K, Olsen H, Sand A, et al. Population-based risk estimates of Wilms tumor in sporadic aniridia. Hum Genet. 2001;109:11–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Gross R. Treatment of mixed tumors of the kidney in childhood. Pediatrics. 1950;6:843–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Grundy P, Beslow N, Sierra L, et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes lp and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms’ tumor: a Report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7312–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Grundy P, Breslow N, Green DM, Sharples K, Evans A, D’Angio GJ. Prognostic factors for children with recurrent Wilms tumor: results from the second and third National Wilms Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol. 1989;7:638–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Grundy PE, Telzerow PE, Breslow N, Moksness J, Huff V, Paterson MC. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 16q and 1p in Wilms’ tumors predicts an adverse outcome. Cancer Res. 1994;54:2331–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Grundy P, Telzerow P, Paterson MC, Haber D, Berman B, Li F, Garber J. Chromosome 11 uniparental isodisomy predisposing to embryonal neoplasms. Lancet. 1991;338:1079–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Gylys-Morin V, Hoffer FA, Kozakewich H, Shamberger RC. Wilms tumor and nephroblastomatosis: imaging characteristics at gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 1993;188:517–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Haas JE, Palmer NF, Weinberg AG, Beckwith JB. Ultrastructure of malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney. A distinctive renal tumor of children. Hum Pathol. 1981;12:646–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Hamilton TE, Ritchey ML, Haase GM, Argani P, Peterson SM, Anderson JR, Green DM, Shamberger RC. The management of synchronous bilateral Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Ann Surg. 2011;253:1004–10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Hamilton TE, Shamberger RC. Wilms tumor: recent advances in clinical care and biology. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2012;21:15–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Heidelberger KP, Ritchey ML, Dauser RC, McKeever PE, Beckwith JB. Congenital mesoblastic nephroma metastatic to the brain. Cancer. 1993;72:2499–502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Henry I, Bonaiti-Pellie C, Chehensse V, Beldjord C, Schwartz C, Utermann G, Junien C. Uniparental paternal disomy in a genetic cancer-predisposing syndrome. Nature. 1991;351:665–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Hogeboom C, Grosser S, Guthrie K, et al. Stature loss following treatment for Wilms’ Tumor. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2001;36:295–304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Horwitz JR, Ritchey ML, Moksness J, Breslow NE, Smith GR, Thomas PR, Haase G, Shamberger RC, Beckwith JB. Renal salvage procedures in patients with synchronous bilateral Wilms’ tumors: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31:1020–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Howell CG, Othersen HB, Kiviat NE, Norkool P, Beckwith JB, D’Angio GJ. Therapy and outcome in 51 children with mesoblastic nephroma: a report of the National Wilms’ Tumor Study. J Pediatr Surg. 1982;17:826–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Hrabovsky EE, Othersen Jr HB, deLorimier A, Kelalis P, Beckwith JB, Takashima J. Wilms’ tumor in the neonate: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study. J Pediatr Surg. 1986;21:385–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Huff V. Wilms tumours: about tumor suppressor genes, an oncogene and a chameleon gene. Nat Rev Cancer. 2011;11:111–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Hughes-Benzie RM, Hunter AG, Allanson JE, Mackenzie AE. Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome associated with renal dysplasia and embryonal tumor: localization of the gene to Xqcen-q21. Am J Med Genet. 1992;43:428–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Hughes-Benzie RM, Pilia G, Xuan JY, et al. Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome: genotype/phenotype analysis of 18 affected males from 7 unrelated families. Am J Med Genet. 1996;66:227–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Ishida Y, Kato K, Kigasawa H, Ohama Y, Ijiri R, Tanaka Y. Synchronous occurrence of pleuropulmonary blastoma and cystic nephroma: possible genetic link in cystic lesions of the lung and the kidney. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2000;35:85–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Jadresic L, Leake J, Gordon I, Dillon MJ, Grant DB, Pritchard J, Risdon RA, Barratt TM. Clinicopathologic review of twelve children with nephropathy, Wilms tumor, and genital abnormalities (Drash syndrome). J Pediatr. 1990;117:717–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Jereb B, Burgers JM, Tournade MF, Lemerle J, Bey P, DeLemarre J, Habrand JL, Voute PA. Radiotherapy in the SIOP (International Society of Pediatric Oncology) nephroblastoma studies: a review. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1994;22:221–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Jereb B, Tournade MF, Lemerle J, Voute PA, Delemarre JF, Ahstrom L, Flamant R, Gerard-Marchant R, Sandstedt B. Lymph node invasion and prognosis in nephroblastoma. Cancer. 1980;45:1632–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Joshi VV, Beckwith JB. Multilocular cyst of the kidney (cystic nephroma) and cystic, partially differentiated nephroblastoma. Terminology and criteria for diagnosis. Cancer. 1989;64:466–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Kalapurakal JA, Perlman EJ, Seibel N, Ritchev M, Dome JS, Grundy PE. Outcomes of patients with revised stage I clear cell sarcoma of the kidney treated on National Wilms’ Tumor studies 1–5: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol. 2012 [Epub ahead of print] 2013;85:428–431.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Kalapurakal J, Peterson S, Peabody E. Pregnancy outcomes after abdominal irradiation that included or excluded the pelvis in childhood Wilms’ tumor survivors: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;58:1364–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Koufos A, Grundy P, Morgan K, Aleck KA, Hadro T, Lampkin BC, Kalbakji A, Cavenee WK. Familial Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome and a second Wilms tumor locus both map to 11p15.5. Am J Hum Genet. 1989;44:711–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Kumar R, Fitzgerald R, Breatnach F. Conservative surgical management of bilateral Wilms tumor: results of the United Kingdom Children’s Cancer Study Group. J Urol. 1998;160:1450–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Kusumakumary P, Chellam VG, Rojymon J, Hariharan S, Krishnan NM. Late recurrence of clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1997;28:355–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Lack EE, Cassady JR, Sallan SE. Renal cell carcinoma in childhood and adolescence: a clinical and pathological study of 17 cases. J Urol. 1985;133:822–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Ladd W. Embryoma of the kidney (Wilms’ Tumor). Ann Surg. 1938;108:885–902.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  102. Lange J, Peterson SM, Takashima JR, Grigoriev Y, Ritchey ML, Shamberger RC, Beckwith JB, Perlman E, Green DM, Breslow NE. Risk factors for end stage renal disease in non-WT1-syndromic Wilms tumor. J Urol. 2011;186:378–86.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Larsen E, Perez-Atayde A, Green DM, Retik A, Clavell LA, Sallan SE. Surgery only for the treatment of patients with stage I (Cassady) Wilms’ tumor. Cancer. 1990;66:264–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Leape LL, Breslow NE, Bishop HC. The first surgical report from the NWTSG studies in fact refuted the importance of early vascular control. Ann Surg. 1978; 187:351–6.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Lee S, Haber D. Wilms’ Tumor and the WT1 gene. Exp Cell Res. 2001;264:74–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Lee IS, Nguyen S, Shanberg AM. Needle tract seeding after percutaneous biopsy of Wilms tumor. J Urol. 1995;153:1074–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Lemerle J, Voute PA, Tournade MF, Delemarre JF, Jereb B, Ahstrom L, Flamant R, Gerard-Marchant R. Preoperative versus postoperative radiotherapy, single versus multiple courses of actinomycin D, in the treatment of Wilms’ tumor. Preliminary results of a controlled clinical trial conducted by the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (S.I.O.P.). Cancer. 1976;38:647–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Lemerle J, Voute PA, Tournade MF, et al. Effectiveness of preoperative chemotherapy in Wilms’ tumor: results of an International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) clinical trial. J Clin Oncol. 1983;1:604–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Lipshultz SE, Colan SD, Gelber RD, Perez-Atayde AR, Sallan SE, Sanders SP. Late cardiac effects of doxorubicin therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:808–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Little M, Williamson K, Mannens M, et al. Evidence that WT1 mutations in Denys-Drash syndrome patients may act in a dominant-negative fashion. Hum Mol Genet. 1993;2:259–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Maes P, Delemarre J, de Kraker J, Ninane J. Fetal rhabdomyomatous nephroblastoma: a tumour of good prognosis but resistant to chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 1999;35:1356–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Maheswaran S, Park S, Bernard A, Morris JF, Rauscher 3rd FJ, Hill DE, Haber DA. Physical and functional interaction between WT1 and p53 proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90:5100–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  113. Malogolowkin M, Cotton C, Green D, et al. Treatment of Wilms tumor relapsing after initial treatment with Vincristine, Actinomycin D, and Doxorubicin: A Report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50:236–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Marsden HB, Lawler W, Kumar PM. Bone metastasizing renal tumor of childhood: morphological and clinical features, and differences from Wilms’ tumor. Cancer. 1978;42:1922–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Marx M, Langer T, Graf N, Hausdorf G, Stohr W, Ludwig R, Beck JD. Multicentre analysis of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in children following treatment according to the nephroblastoma studies SIOP No. 9/GPOH and SIOP 93-01/GPOH. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2002;39:18–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. McDonald JM, Douglass EC, Fisher R, Geiser CF, Krill CE, Strong LC, Virshup D, Huff V. Linkage of familial Wilms’ tumor predisposition to chromosome 19 and a two-locus model for the etiology of familial tumors. Cancer Res. 1998;58:1387–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. McLorie GA, McKenna PH, Greenberg M, Babyn P, Thorner P, Churchill BM, Weitzman S, Filler R, Khoury AE. Reduction in tumor burden allowing partial nephrectomy following preoperative chemotherapy in biopsy proved Wilms tumor. J Urol. 1991;146:509–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. McNeil DE, Langer JC, Choyke P, DeBaun MR. Feasibility of partial nephrectomy for Wilms’ tumor in children with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome who have been screened with abdominal ultrasonography. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37:57–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Moorman-Voestermans CG, Aronson DC, Staalman CR, Delemarre JF, de Kraker J. Is partial nephrectomy appropriate treatment for unilateral Wilms’ tumor? J Pediatr Surg. 1998;33:165–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Motzer RJ, Bander NH, Nanus DM. Renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:865–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Mushtaq I, Carachi R, Roy G, Azmy A. Childhood renal tumours with intravascular extension. Br J Urol. 1996;78:772–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Muto R, Yamamori S, Ohashi J, et al. Prediction by FISH analysis of the occurrence of Wilms tumor in aniridia patients. Am J Med Genet. 2002;108:285–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Nakayama DK, Norkool P, deLorimier AA, O’Neill Jr JA, D’Angio GJ. Intracardiac extension of Wilms’ tumor. A report of the National Wilms’ Tumor Study. Ann Surg. 1986;204:693–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  124. Narchi H. Risk of Wilms’ tumour with multicystic kidney disease: A systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90:147–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  125. Neville H, Ritchey ML, Shamberger RC, Haase G, Perlman S, Yoshioka T. The occurrence of Wilms tumor in horseshoe kidneys: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group (NWTSG). J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37:1134–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Othersen Jr HB, DeLorimer A, Hrabovsky E, Kelalis P, Breslow N, D’Angio GJ. Surgical evaluation of lymph node metastases in Wilms’ tumor. J Pediatr Surg. 1990;25:330–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Parham DM, Roloson GJ, Feely M, Green DM, Bridge JA, Beckwith JB. Primary malignant neuroepithelial tumors of the kidney: a clinicopathologic analysis of 146 adult and pediatric cases from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group Pathology Center. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001;25:133–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Paulino AC, Wilimas J, Marina N, Jones D, Kumar M, Greenwald C, Chen G, Kun LE. Local control in synchronous bilateral Wilms tumor. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;36:541–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Perlman EJ, Ali SZ, Robinson R, Lindato R, Griffin CA. Infantile extrarenal rhabdoid tumor. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 1998;1:149–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Perlman E, Faria P, Soares A, et al. Hyperplastic perilobar nephroblastomatosis: Long-term survival of 52 patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2006;46:203–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Perlman EJ, Grundy PE, Anderson JR, Jennings LJ, Green DM, Dome DM, Shamberger RC, Ruteshouser EC, Huff V. WT1 mutation and 11P15 loss of heterozygosity predict relapse in very low risk Wilms tumors treated with surgery alone: a Children’s Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:698–703.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  132. Ping AJ, Reeve AE, Law DJ, Young MR, Boehnke M, Feinberg AP. Genetic linkage of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome to 11p15. Am J Hum Genet. 1989;44:720–3.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  133. Pinkerton CR, Groot-Loonen JJ, Morris-Jones PH, Pritchard J. Response rate in relapsed Wilms tumor a need for effective agents. Cancer. 1991;67:567–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Pritchard-Jones K, Kelsey A, Vujanic G, et al. Older age is an adverse prognostic factor in stage I, favorable histology in Wilms’ tumor treated with vincristine monochemotherapy: a study by the United Kingdom Children’s Cancer Study Group, Wilms’ Tumor Working Group. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:3269–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Rahman N, Arbour L, Tonin P, Renshaw J, Pelletier J, Baruchel S, Pritchard-Jones K, Stratton MR, Narod SA. Evidence for a familial Wilms’ tumour gene (FWT1) on chromosome 17q12-q21. Nat Genet. 1996;13:461–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Rance T. Case of fungus hematodes of the kidneys. Med Phys J. 1814;32:19.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Rauscher 3rd FJ. The WT1 Wilms tumor gene product: a developmentally regulated transcription factor in the kidney that functions as a tumor suppressor. FASEB J. 1993;7:896–903.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Rauscher 3rd FJ, Morris JF, Tournay OE, Cook DM, Curran T. Binding of the Wilms’ tumor locus zinc finger protein to the EGR-1 consensus sequence. Science. 1990;250:1259–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Reeve AE, Sih SA, Raizis AM, Feinberg AP. Loss of allelic heterozygosity at a second locus on chromosome 11 in sporadic Wilms’ tumor cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1989;9:1799–803.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  140. Riccardi VM, Sujansky E, Smith AC, Francke U. Chromosomal imbalance in the Aniridia-Wilms’ tumor association: 11p interstitial deletion. Pediatrics. 1978;61:604–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Ritchey M. Renal sparing surgery for Wilms’ tumor. J Urol. 2005;174:1172–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Ritchey ML, Azizkhan RG, Beckwith JB, Hrabovsky EE, Haase GM. Neonatal Wilms tumor. J Pediatr Surg. 1995;30:856–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Ritchey M, Daley S, Shamberger RC, Ehrlich P, Hamilton T, Haase G, Sawin R, National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. Ureteral extension in Wilms’ tumor: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group (NWTSG). J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43:1625–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. Ritchey ML, Green DM, Breslow NB, Moksness J, Norkool P. Accuracy of current imaging modalities in the diagnosis of synchronous bilateral Wilms’ tumor. A report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Cancer. 1995;75:600–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Ritchey ML, Green DM, Thomas PR, Smith GR, Haase G, Shochat S, Moksness J, Breslow NE. Renal failure in Wilms’ tumor patients: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1996;26:75–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Ritchey ML, Kelalis PP, Breslow N, Etzioni R, Evans I, Haase GM, D’Angio GJ. Surgical complications after nephrectomy for Wilms’ tumor. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1992;175:507–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Ritchey ML, Kelalis PP, Breslow N, Offord KP, Shochat SJ, D’Angio GJ. Intracaval and atrial involvement with nephroblastoma: review of National Wilms Tumor Study-3. J Urol. 1988;140:1113–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Ritchey ML, Kelalis PP, Etzioni R, Breslow N, Shochat S, Haase GM. Small bowel obstruction after nephrectomy for Wilms’ tumor. A report of the National Wilms’ Tumor Study-3. Ann Surg. 1993;218:654–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  149. Ritchey ML, Lally KP, Haase GM, Shochat SJ, Kelalis PP. Superior mesenteric artery injury during nephrectomy for Wilms’ tumor. J Pediatr Surg. 1992;27:612–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Ritchey ML, Pringle KC, Breslow NE, Takashima J, Moksness J, Zuppan CW, Beckwith JB, Thomas PR, Kelalis PP. Management and outcome of inoperable Wilms tumor. A report of National Wilms Tumor Study-3. Ann Surg. 1994;220:683–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  151. Ritchey ML, Shamberger RC, Haase G, Horwitz J, Bergemann T, Breslow NE. Surgical complications after primary nephrectomy for Wilms’ tumor: report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. J Am Coll Surg. 2001;192:63–8; quiz 146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Rodriguez-Galindo C, Marina NM, Fletcher BD, Parham DM, Bodner SM, Meyer WH. Is primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the kidney a distinct entity? Cancer. 1997;79:2243–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Rohrsschneider W, Weirich A, Rieden K, et al. US, CT and MR imaging characteristics of nephroblastomatosis. Pediatr Radiol. 1998;28:435–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. Sacher P, Willi U, Niggli F, et al. Cystic nephroma: a rare benign renal tumor. Pediatr Surg Int. 1998;13:197–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Safford S, Goyeau D, Freemerman AJ, et al. Fine mapping of Wilms’ with 16q loss of heterozygosity localizes the putative tumor suppressor gene to a region of 6.7 megabases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2003;10:136–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Sandstedt B, Delemarre JF, Krul EJ, Tournade MF. Mesoblastic nephromas: a study of 29 tumours from the SIOP nephroblastoma file. Histopathology. 1985;9:741–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Schlesinger A. Congenital mesoblastic nephroma metastatic to the brain: a report of two cases. Pediatr Radiol. 1995;25:S73–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Schofield DE, Beckwith JB, Sklar J. Loss of heterozygosity at chromosome regions 22q11-12 and 11p15.5 in renal rhabdoid tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1996;15:10–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Schweisguth O, Bamberger J. Le Nephroblastome de l’enfant. Ann Chir Infant. 1963;4:335–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Scott RH MA, Baskcomb L, Turnbull C, Loveday C, Al-Saadi R, Williams R, Breatnach F, Gerrard M, Hale J, Kohler J, Lapunzina P, Levitt GA, Picton S, Pizer B, Ronghe MD, Traunecker H, Williams D, Kelsey A, Vujanic GM, Sebire NJ, Grundy P, Stiller CA, Pritchard-Jones K, Douglas J, Rahman N. Stratification of Wilms tumor by genetic and epigenetic analysis. Oncotarget. 2012;3:327–35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  161. Seibel NL, Breslow N, Beckwith JB, et al.: Effect of duration of treatment on treatment outcome for patients with clear-cell sarcoma of the kidney: A report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:468–473.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Seibel NL, Li S, Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, Green DM, Haase GM, Ritchey ML, Thomas PR, Grundy PE, Finklestein JZ, Kim T, Shochat SJ, Kelalis PP, D’Angio GJ. Effect of duration of treatment on treatment outcome for patients with clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK): A report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;22:800.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Shamberger RC, Anderson JR, Breslow NE, Perlman EJ, Beckwith JB, Ritchey ML, Haase GM, Donaldson M, Grundy PE, Weetman R, Coppes MJ, Malogolowkin M, Shearer PD, Kletzel M, Thomas PR, Macklis R, Huff V, Weeks DA, Green DM. Long-term outcomes for infants with very low risk Wilms tumor treated with surgery alone in National Wilms Tumor Study-5. Ann Surg. 2010;251:555–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  164. Shamberger RC, Guthrie KA, Ritchey ML, Haase GM, Takashima J, Beckwith JB, D’Angio GJ, Green DM, Breslow NE. Surgery-related factors and local recurrence of Wilms tumor in National Wilms Tumor Study 4. Ann Surg. 1999;229:292–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  165. Shamberger RC, Macklis RM, Sallan SE. Recent experience with Wilms’ tumor: 1978–1991. Ann Surg Oncol. 1994;1:59–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Shamberger RC, Ritchey ML, Haase GM, Bergemann TL, Loechelt-Yoshioka T, Breslow NE, Green DM. Intravascular extension of Wilms tumor. Ann Surg. 2001;234:116–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  167. Shearer P, Kapoor G, Beckwith J. Secondary acute myelogenous leukemia in patients previously treated for childhood renal tumors: A report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2001;23:109–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Smith GR, Thomas PR, Ritchey M, Norkool P. Long-term renal function in patients with irradiated bilateral Wilms tumor. National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. Am J Clin Oncol. 1998;21:58–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Sredni ST, Gadd S, Huang CC, Breslow N, Grundy P, Green DM, Dome JS, Shamberger RC, Beckwith JB, Perlman EJ, Renal Tumor Committee of the Children’s Oncology Group. Subsets of very low risk Wilms tumor show distinctive gene expression, histologic, and clinical features. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:6800–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  170. Steenman MJ, Rainier S, Dobry CJ, Grundy P, Horon IL, Feinberg AP. Loss of imprinting of IGF2 is linked to reduced expression and abnormal methylation of H19 in Wilms’ tumour. Nat Genet. 1994;7:433–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Steenman M, Westerveld A, Mannens M. Genetics of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome-associated tumors: common genetic pathways. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2000;28:1–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Stiller CA, Parkin DM. International variations in the incidence of childhood lymphomas. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1990;4:303–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Streif W, Gassner I, Janetschek G, Kreczy A, Judmaier W, Fink FM. Partial nephrectomy in a cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1997;28:416–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Sutow W. Vincristine (Leurocristine) sulfate in the treatment of children with metastatic Wilms’ Tumor. Pediatrics. 1963;32:880–7.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Termuhlen AM, Tersak JM, Liu QI, Yasui Y, et al. Twenty-five year follow-up of childhood Wilms tumor: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;57:1210–1216.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Thorner PS, Arbus GS, Celermajer DS, Baumal R. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and progressive renal failure associated with a unilateral kidney. Pediatrics. 1984;73:806–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Tomlinson G, Breslow N, Dome J, et al. Rhabdoid tumor of the kidney in the National Wilms’ Tumor Study: age at diagnosis as a prognostic factor. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7641–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Tournade MF, Com-Nougue C, de Kraker J, et al. Optimal duration of preoperative therapy in unilateral and nonmetastatic Wilms’ tumor in children older than 6 months: results of the Ninth International Society of Pediatric Oncology Wilms’ Tumor Trial and Study. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:488–500.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Tournade MF, Com-Nougue C, Voute PA, et al. Results of the Sixth International Society of Pediatric Oncology Wilms’ Tumor Trial and Study: a risk-adapted therapeutic approach in Wilms’ tumor. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:1014–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Turnbull C, Perdeaux ER, Pernet D, Naranjo A, Renwick A, Seal S, Munoz-Xicola RM, Hanks S, Slade I, Zachariou A, Warren-Perry M, Ruark E, Gerrard M, Hale J, Hewitt M, Kohler J, Lane S, Levitt G, Madi M, Morland B, Neefjes V, Nicholdson J, Picton S, Pizer B, Ronghe M, Stevens M, Traunecker H, Stiller CA, Pritchard-Jones K, Dome J, Grundy P, Rahman N. A genome-wide association study identifies susceptibility loci for Wilms tumor. Nat Genet. 2012. doi:10.1038/ng.2251.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Urban CE, Lackner H, Schwinger W, Klos I, Hollwarth M, Sauer H, Ring E, Gadner H, Zoubek A. Partial nephrectomy in well-responding stage I Wilms’ tumors: report of three cases. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1995;12:143–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Versteege I, Sevenet N, Lange J, et al. Truncating mutations of hSNF5/INI1 in aggressive paediatric cancer. Nature. 1998;394:203–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Vujanic GM, Delemarre JF, Moeslichan S, Lam J, Harms D, Sandstedt B, Voute PA. Mesoblastic nephroma metastatic to the lungs and heart – another face of this peculiar lesion: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Pathol. 1993;13:143–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Vujanic G, Kelsey A, Mitchell C, et al. The role of biopsy in the diagnosis of renal tumors of childhood: Results of the UKCCSG Wilms’ tumor study 3. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2003;40:18–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Vujanic G, Sandstedt B, Harms D, et al. Revised International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) working classification of renal tumors of childhood. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2002;38:79–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Waziri M, Patil SR, Hanson JW, Bartley JA. Abnormality of chromosome 11 in patients with features of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. J Pediatr. 1983;102:873–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Weeks DA, Beckwith JB, Mierau GW, Luckey DW. Rhabdoid tumor of kidney. A report of 111 cases from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Pathology Center. Am J Surg Pathol. 1989;13:439–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Weirich ALR, Graf N, Abel U, Leuschner I, Vujanic GM, Mehls O, Boos J, Beck J, Royer-Pokora B, Voûte PA. Survival in nephroblastoma treated according to the trial and study SIOP-9/GPOH with respect to relapse and morbidity. Ann Oncol. 2004;15:808–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Wiedemann R. Tumours and hemihypertrophy associated with Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. 1983;141:129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  190. Wilimas JA, Magill L, Parham DM, Jerkins G, Kumar M, Douglass EC. Is renal salvage feasible in unilateral Wilms’ tumor? Proposed computed tomographic criteria and their relation to surgicopathologic findings. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1990;12:164–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Willetts IE. Jessop and the Wilms’ tumor. J Pediatr Surg. 2003;38:1496–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Wilms M. Die Mischgeschwulste der Niere. Die Mischgeschwulste Lepzig, Arthur Georgi Heft. 1899;1:143.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Zoeller G, Pekrun A, Lakomek M, Ringert RH. Wilms tumor: the problem of diagnostic accuracy in children undergoing preoperative chemotherapy without histological tumor verification. J Urol. 1994;151:169–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Zuppan CW, Beckwith JB, Weeks DA, Luckey DW, Pringle KC. The effect of preoperative therapy on the histologic features of Wilms’ tumor. An analysis of cases from the Third National Wilms’ Tumor Study. Cancer. 1991;68:385–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Zuppan CW, Beckwith JB, Luckey DW. Anaplasia in unilateral Wilms’ tumor: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Pathology Center. Hum Pathol. 1988;19:1199–209.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert C. Shamberger MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hamilton, T.E., Shamberger, R.C. (2016). Renal Tumors. In: Carachi, R., Grosfeld, J. (eds) The Surgery of Childhood Tumors. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48590-3_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48590-3_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-48588-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-48590-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics