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T and B Lymphocytes in Germinal Centers

  • Chapter
The Biology of Germinal Centers in Lymphoid Tissue

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Abstract

As detailed in chapter 1, the germinal center can be histologically divided into a dark zone of proliferating centroblasts and a light zone of nonproliferating centrocytes.1–3 The dark zone, in proximity to the PALS, is populated by proliferating centroblasts that clonally expand with a cell cycle time as short as 6–8 hours.4 Up to 10 B cell clones populate a germinal center, but through selection there is an outgrowth of only 3–5 of these clones. The signals that activate migration from the PALS of an activated B cell to populate a primary follicle and form a germinal center reaction are incompletely elucidated and discussed further in chapter i. Also, the mechanism(s) of the rapid clonal expansion of centroblasts in germinal centers is unknown, but discussed further below. These rapidly dividing centroblasts undergo a process of somatic hypermutation of the V regions of their immunoglobulin genes, detailed in chapter 4. Centroblasts develop into nonproliferating centrocytes that move apically into the basal light zone and then to the apical light zone where they are interspersed with a network of follicular dendritic cells (FDC) and CD4+ T cells. It is in the light zone that centrocytes undergo massive apoptosis, with collection of condensed chromatin fragments as tingible bodies in macrophages, or escape apoptosis by a process of antigenic selection to develop into memory B cells or differentiate to become plasma cells. Germinal center B cells are programmed to die by apoptosis unless they are rescued by a positive signal.

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Insel, R.A., Nahm, M.H. (1998). T and B Lymphocytes in Germinal Centers. In: The Biology of Germinal Centers in Lymphoid Tissue. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13141-1_3

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