Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Klinisch-pharmakologische Grundlagen der Schmerztherapie

  • Chapter
Schmerztherapie bei Kindern

  • 73 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Nozizeption ist bereits ab der 20.–22. Schwangerschaftswoche (SSW) möglich. Kortikale Schmerzverarbeitung geschieht ab der 24. Schwangerschaftswoche [291]. Dabei ist bei Früh- und Neugeborenen das zentrale Schmerzhemmungssystem deutlich schlechter ausgebildet als das nozizeptive System, sodass beim Früh- und Neugeborenen generell vom Überwiegen nozizeptiven Stresses auszugehen ist.

Der Autor wird unterstützt durch die Peter und Ruth Wirts-Stiftung, Schweiz.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Literatur

  1. Adam D, Stankov G (1994) Treatment of fever in childhood. Eur J Pediatr 153:394–402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Adelmann C, Kribs A, Keuth B, Licht C, Roth B (1998) Doppelblinder, randominiserter Vergleich von Sufentanil und Fentanyl in der Analgosedierung beatmeter reifer Neugeborener mit schwerem Lungenversagen. Z. Geburtshilfe Neonat. 201 (S1): 9

    Google Scholar 

  3. Anand KJS, Hickey PR (1987) Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus. N Engl J Med 317:1321–1329

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Anand KJS, Arnold JH (1994) Opioid tolerance and dependence in infants and children. Crit Care Med 22:334–342

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Anand KJS, Mc Intosh N, Lagercrantz H, Pelausa E, Young TE, Vasa R (1999) Analgesia and sedation in preterm Neonates who require ventilatory support. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 153:331–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Anderson BJ, Holford NHG (1997) Rectal paracetamol dosing regimes: determination by computer simulation. Paediatr Anaesth 7: 451–455

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Aranda JV, Varvarigou A, Beharry K, Bansal R, Bardin C, Modanlou H, Papageorgiou A, Chemtob S (1997) Pharmacokinetics and protein binding of intravenous ibuprofen in the premature newborn infant. Acta Paediatr 86: 289–293

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Arnold JH, Truog RD, Orav EJ, Scavone JM, Hershenon MB (1990) Tolerance and dependence in neonates sedated with fentanyl during extracorporal membrane oxygenation. Anesthesiology 73:1136–1140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Arnold JH, Truog RD, Scavone JM, Fenton I (1991) Changes in the pharmacodynamic response to fentanyl in neonates during continuous infusion. J Pediatr 119: 639–643

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Arnold JH, Truog RD (1992) Sedation in neonatal and pediatric intensive care. J Intens Care Med 7: 244–260

    Google Scholar 

  11. Atwood GF, Evans MA, Harbinson RD (1976) Pharmacokinetics of meperidine in infants. Pediatr Res 10:328

    Google Scholar 

  12. Babul N, Darke AC, Hain R (1995) Hydromor-phone and metabolite pharmacokinetics in children. J Pain Symptom Manage 10:335–337

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Ball M, Moore RA, Fisher A, McQnay HJ, Allen MC, Seas J (1985) Renal failure and the use of morphine in intensive care. Lancet 1:784–786

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Balogh A, Melzer K, Ziehl U, Finke G, Voigt L, Hoffmann A (1989) Elimination von Metamizol (Analgin) — Metaboliten im Kindesalter. Z Klin Med 44: 213–215

    Google Scholar 

  15. Band CJ, Band PR, Deschamps M (1994) Human pharmacokinetic study of immediate-release (codeine phosphate) and sustained-release (codeine Contin) codeine. J Clin Pharmacol 34:938–943

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Banos JE, Barajas C, Martin, ML et al. (1999) A survey of postoperative pain treatment in children of 3–14 years. Eur J Pain 3: 275–82

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Barker DP, Simpson J, Pawula M et al. (1995) Randomised, double blind trial of two loading dose regimes of diamorphine in ventilated newborn infants. Arch Dis Child 73: F22–F26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Barrett DA, Elias-Jones AC, Rutter N, Shaw PN, Davis SS (1991) Morphine kinetics after diamorphine infusion in premature neonates. Br J Clin Pharmacol 32:31–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Baumert J (2000) Remifentanil in der Kinderanästhesie. 18. Internationales Aachener Anästhesie-Symposium (Vortrag). Aachen: März 2000

    Google Scholar 

  20. Behm MO, Kearns GL (2001) Treatment of pain with gabapentin in a neonate. Pediatrics 108: 482–484

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bentley JB, Borel JA, Nenad RE, Gillespie TJ (1982) Age and fentanyl kinetics. Anesth Analg 61:968–971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Berde CB, Holzman RS, Sethna NE A comparison of methadone and morphine for postoperative analgesia in children and adolescents. Anesthesiology 69: A768

    Google Scholar 

  23. Berde CB, Beyer JE, Bournaki M-C, Levin CR, Sethna NF (1991) Comparison of morphine and methadone for prevention of postoperative pain in 3- to 7-year-old children. J Pediatr 119:136–141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bhat R, Ghari G, Gulati A, Aldana O, Velamati R, Bhargava R (1990) Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of morphine in preterm infants during the first week of life. J Pediatr 117: 477–481

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Birmingham PK, Tobin MJ, Henthorn TK et al. (1997) Twenty-four-hour pharmacokinetics of rectal acetaminophen in children. Anesthesiology 87: 244–252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Bjorkman R, Hallman KM, Hedner J, Hedner T, Henning H (1994) Acetaminophen blocks spinal hyperalgesia induced by NMDA and substance P. Pain 57: 259–264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Boas RA, Vilhinger JW (1985) Clinical actions of fentanyl and buprenorphin. The significance of receptor binding. Br J Anaesth 57: 192–196

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bovill JG, Sebel PS, Blackburn CL et al. (1984) The pharmacokinetics of sufentanil in surgical patients. Anesthesiology 61:502–506

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bovill JG (1987) Which potent opioid? Important criteria for selection. Drugs 33:520–530

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Buice RG, Cirpiano A (1999) Bioavailability of a controlled-release oxycodon product (Oxy-codon) and an immediate-release oxycodone product in pediatric patients. Abstract 246,9th World Congress on Pain, Vienna, Austria

    Google Scholar 

  31. Bullingham RES, Mc Quay HJ, Moore A, Martin R, Bemiet D (1980) Buprenorphine kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 28: 667–672

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bullingham RES, Mc Quay HJ, Porter EJB, McAllen C, Moore RA (1982) Sublingual buprenorphin used postoperatively: ten hour plasma drug concentration analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 13: 665–73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Bullingham RES, Mc Quay H, Moore RA (1983) Clinical pharmacokinetics of narcotic agonist-antagonist drugs. Clin Pharmacokin 8:332–343

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Burtin P, Daoud P, Jacqz-Aigrain E, Mussat P Moniette G (1991) Hypotension with midazolam and fentanyl in the newborn. Lancet 337: 1545–1546

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Caldwell J, Notarianni LJ, Smith RL (1978a) Impaired metabolism of pethidin in the human neonate. Br J Clin Pharm 5:362–363

    Google Scholar 

  36. Caldwell J, Wahile LA, Notariaumi LJ et al. (1978b) Maternal and neonatal disposition of pethidin in childbirth — a study using quantitative gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Life Sci 22:589–96

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Carlsson K-H, Monzel W, Jurna I (1988) Depression by morphine and the non-opioid analgesic agents metamizol (dipyrone), lysine acetylsalicylate, and paracetamol, of activity in rat thalamus neurons evoked by electrical stimulation of nociceptive afferents. Pain 32: 313–326

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Chana SK, Anand KJS (2001) Can we use methadone for analgesia in neonates? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 85: F79–F81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Chay P W, Duffy BJ, Walker JS (1992) Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of morphine in neonates. Clin Pharmacol Ther 51:334–342

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Chauvin M, Ferrier C, Haberer JP, Spielvogel C, Lebrault L, Levron IL, Deuvoldestin P (1989) Sufentanil pharmacokinetics in patients with cirrhosis. Anesth Analg 68:1–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Choonara I, Ekbom Y, Lindström B, Raue A (1990) Morphine sulphatation in children. Br J Clin Pharmacol 30: 897–900

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Christensen ML, Wang WC, Harris S, Eades SK, Wilimas JA (1996) Transdermal fentanyl administration in children and adolescents with sickle cell pain crisis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 18:372–376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Collins C, Koren G, Crean P, Klein J, Roy WL, Laclerc SM (1985) Fentanyl pharmacokinetics and hemodynamic effects in preterm infants during ligation of patent ductus arteriosus. Anesth Analg 64:1078–1080

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Collins JJ, Kerner J, Sentivany S, Berde CB (1995) Intravenous amitriptyline in pediatrics. J Pain Symptom Manage 10: 471–475

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Collins JJ, Geake J, Grier HE, Houck CS, Thaler HT, Weinstein HJ, Twum-Danso NY, Berde CB (1996) Patient-controlled analgesia for mucositis pain in children: a three-period crossover study comparing morphine and hydromorphone. J Pediatr 129: 722–728

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Collins JJ, Dunkel IJ, Gupta SK, Inturrisi CE, Lapin J, Palmer LN, Weinstein SM, Portenoy RK (1999) Transdermal fentanyl in children with cancer pain: feasibility, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic correlates. J Pediatr 134: 319–323

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Crofford LJ (1997) Cox-1 and Cox-2 tissue expression: Implications and predictions. J Rheumatol 24 (S49): 15–19

    Google Scholar 

  48. Dagan O, Klein J, Bohn D, Barker G, Kosen G (1993) Morphine pharmacokinetics in children following cardiac surgery: Effects of disease and inotropic support. Cardiothor Vasc Anesth 7:396–398

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Dahlström B, Bolme P, Feychting H, Hoack G, Paalzow L (1979) Morphine kinetics in children. Clin Pharmacol Ther 26:354–365

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Davies G, Kingswood C, Street M (1996) Pharmacokinetics of opioids in renal dysfunction. Clin Pharmacokinet 31: 410–422

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Davies NM, Anderson KE (1997) Clinical pharmacokinetics of diclofenac. Therapeutic insights and pitfalls. Clin Pharmacokinet 33: 184–213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Davies NM, McLachlan AJ, Day RO, Williams KM (2000) Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of celecoxib. Clin Pharmakokinet 38: 225–242

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Davis PJ, Cook DR, Stiller RL, Davis-Robinson KA (1987) Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of high-dose sufentanil in infants and children undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 66: 203–208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Davis PJ, Stiller RL, Cook DR, Brandow BW, Robinson KAD (1988) Pharmacokinetics of sufentanil in adolescent patients with chronic renal failure. Anesth Analg 67:268–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Davis PJ, Stiller RL, Cook DR, Brandom BW, Davis IE, Scierka AM (1989a) Effects of cholestatic hepatic disease and chronic renal failure on alfentanil pharmacokinetics in children. Anesth Analg 68: 579–583

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Davis PJ, Killian A, Stiller RL, Brandner BW, Davis JE, Scierka AM (1989b) Pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in newborn premature infants and older children. Dev Pharmacol Ther 13: 21–27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Davis PJ, Ross A, Stiller RL, Muir K, McYowan FX, Gupta SK, Margolis J, Greely WJ (1995) Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in anesthetized children 2–12 years of age. Anesth Analg 80: S93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Davis PJ, Ross AK, Henson LG, Muir KT (1997a) Remifentanil pharmacokinetics in neonates. Anesthesiology 87: A1064

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Davis PJ, Lermon J, Sunesh S et al. (1997b) A randomized multicenter study of remifentanil compared with alfentanil, isoflurane, or propofol in anesthetized pediatric patients undergoing elective strabismus surgery. Anesth Analg 84: 982–989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. De Souza G, Lewis MC, Ter Riet MF (1997) Severe bradycardia after remifentanil. Anesthesiology 87:1019–1020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Delbos A, Boccard E (1995) The morphine sparing effect of propacetamol in orthopedic postoperative pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 10:279–232

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Den Hollander JM, Hennies PJ, Burm AG, Bovill JG (1988) Alfentanil in infants and children with congenital heart defects. J Cardiothorac Anesth 2:12–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Den Hollander JM, Hennis PJ, Burm AG, Vierter AA, Bovill JG (1992) Pharmacokinetics of alfentanil before and after cardiopulmonary bypass in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery Part I. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 6:308–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Dershwitz M, Rosow CE, Michalowski P, Connors PM, Hoke JF, Muir KT, Dienstag JL (1994) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil in volunteer subjects with severe liver disease compared with normal subjects. Anesthesiology 81: A377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Deutsch ES, Nadkarni VM (1996) Clonidine prophylaxis for narcotic and sedative withdrawal syndrome following laryngotracheal reconstruction. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 122:1234–1238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Dewey WL (1984) Various factors which affect the rate of development of tolerance and physical dependence to abused drugs. NIDA Res Monogr 54:39–49

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Dickenson AH (1995) Spinal cord pharmacology of pain. Br J Anaesth 75:193–200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Don Brown R, Wilson JT, Kearns GL, Eichler VF, Johnson VA, Bertrand KM (1992) Single-dose pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in febrile children. J Clin Pharmacol 32: 231–241

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Dupuis LL, Koren G, Shore A, Silverman ED, Laxer RM (1990) Methotrexate-nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug interaction in children with arthritis. J Rheumatol 17:1469–1473

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Egan TD, Lemmens HJM, Fiset P, Herman DJ, Muir KT, Stanski DR, Shater SL (1993) The pharmacokinetics of the new short-acting opioid remifentanil (Gl 87084B) in healthy adult male volunteers. Anesthesiology 79: 881–892

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Egan TD (1995) Remifentanil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics — a preliminary appraisal. Clin Pharmacokinet 29: 80–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Ehrnebo M, Boreus LO, Lönroth U (1977) Bioavailability and first-pass metabolism of oral pentazocine in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 22: 888–892

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Elias-Jones AC, Barrett DA, Rutter N, Shaw PN, Davis SS (1991) Diamorphine infusion in the preterm neonate. Arch Dis Child 66: 1155–1157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Faura CC, Collins SL, Moore RA, McQuay HJ (1998) Systematic review of factors affecting the ratios of morphine and its major metabolites. Pain 74:43–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Ferrier C, Marty J, Baufford N, Haberer Levron JC, Duvaldestin P (1985) Alfentanil pharmacokinetics in patients with cirrhosis. Anesthesiology 62: 480–484

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Filling-Katz MR, Merrick HF, Fink JK, Miles RB, Sokol J, Barton NW (1989) Carbamazepine in Fabry’s disease: effective analgesia with dose-dependent exacerbation of autonomic dysfunction. Neurology 39: 598–600

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Fitzgerald GA, Patrono C (2001) The Coxibs, selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2. N Engl J Med 345: 433–442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Fitzgerald M Koltzenburg M (1986) The functional development of descending inhibitory pathways in the dorsolateral funiculus of the newborn rat spinal cord. Dev Brain Res 24: 261–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Fitzgerald M, Anand KJS (1993) Developmental neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of pain. In: Schechter NL, Berde CB, Yaster M (Hrsg) Pain in infants: children and adolescents. Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, S 11–32

    Google Scholar 

  80. Forrest JB, Heitlinger EL, Reveil S (1997) Ketorolac for postoperative pain management in children. Drug Saf 16:309–329

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Franck LS, Miaskowski C (1998) The use of intravenous opioids to provide analgesia in critically ill premature neonates: A research critique. J Pain Symptom Manage 15: 41–69

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Freye E, Azevodo L, Hartung E (1985) Reversal of fentanyl related respiratory depression with nalbuphine: effects on the CO<sub>2</sub>-response curve in man. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 36:365–374

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Freye E (1989) Theoretische Grundlagen der Opioidanwendung im Neugeborenen- und Säuglingsalter. In: Ahnefeld FW, Altemeyer K-H, Försel T, Kraus G-B, Rügheimer E (Hrsg) Anästhesie bei Früh- und Neugeborenen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, S 161–170

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  84. Frisk-Holmberg M, Paalzow L, Edlund PO (1981). Clonidine kinetics in man — evidence for dose dependency and changed pharmacokinetics during chronic therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 12: 653–658

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Gaudreault P, Guay J, Nicol O, Dupuis K (1988) Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of intrarectal solution of acetaminophen. Can J Anaesth 35:149–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Gauntlett I S, Fisher DM, Hertzka RE, Kuhls E, Spellman MJ, Rudolph C (1988) Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in neonatal humans and lambs: effects of age. Anesthesiology 69: 683–687

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Glare PA, Walsh TD (1991) Clinical pharmacokinetics of morphine. Ther Drug Monit 13: 1–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Gourlay GK, Kowalski SR, Plummer JL, Constins MJ, Armstrong PJ (1988) Fentanyl blood concentration-analgesic response relationship in the treatment of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 67:329–337

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Goresky GV, Koren G, Sabourin MA, Sale JP, Strunin L (1987) The pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in children. Anesthesiology 67: 654–659

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Granry JC, Rod B, Monrigal JP, Merckx J, Berniere J, Jean N, Boccard E (1997) The analgesic efficacy of an injectable prodrug of acetaminophen in children after orthopaedic surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 7: 445–449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Grant IS, Nimmo WS, Clements JA (1981) Pharmacokinetics and analgesic effects of i.m. and oral ketamine. Br J Anaesth 53: 805–810

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Greely WJ, de Bruijn NP, Davis DP (1987) Sufentanil pharmacokinetics in pediatric cardiovascular patients. Anesth Analg 66: 1067–1072

    Google Scholar 

  93. Greely WJ, de Bruijn NP (1988) Changes in sufentanil pharmacokinetics within the neonatal period. Anesth Analg 67: 86–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Grießinger N, Rösch W, Schott G, Sittl R (1997) Tramadol-Infusion zur Schmerztherapie nach großen Blaseneingriffen auf Kinderstationen. Urologe 36:552–556

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Guay J, Gaudreault P, Tang A, Goulet B, Varin F (1992) Pharmacokinetics of sufentanil in normal children. Can J Anaesth 39:14–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Gust R, Böhrer H (1995) Stiff-man syndrome associated with continous sufentanil administration. Anaesthesia 50:575

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Haapasaari J, Woulijoki E, Ylijoki H (1983) Treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with diclofenac sodium. Scand J Rheumatol 12:325–330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Haeseler G, Zuzan O, Kohn G, Piepenbrock S, Leuwer M (2000) Anaesthesia with midazolam and S-(+)-ketamine in spontaneously breathing paediatric patients during magnetic resonance imaging. Paediatr Anaesth 10:513–519

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Hamunen K, Maunuksela E-L, Seppälä T, Olkkola KT (1993) Pharmacokinetics of i.v. and rectal pethidin in children undergoing ophthalmic surgery. Br J Anaesth 71: 823–826

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Hamunen K, Olkkola KT, Seppäla T, Lusa G, Maunuksela E-L (1993) Ventilatory effects and kinetics of intravenous pentazocine in children. Pharmacol Toxicol 73:120–123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Hamunen K, Olkkola KT, Maunuksela E-L (1993) Comparison of ventilatory effects of morphine and buprenorphin in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 37: 449–453

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Hamunen K, Maunuksela E-L, Sarvela J, Bullingham RES, Olkkola KT (1999) Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of ketorolac in children, adolescents and adults. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 43:1041–1046

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Hartley R, Green M, Quinn M, Levene MI (1993) Pharmacokinetics of morphine infusion in premature neonates. Arch Dis Child 69:55–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Hartley R, Green M, Quinn MW, Rushforth JA, Levene MI (1994) Development of morphine glucuronidation in premature neonates. Biol Neonate 66:1–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Hasselström J, Säwe J (1993) Morphine pharmacokinetics and metabolism in humans: enterohepatic cycling and relative contribution of metabolites to active opioid concentrations. Clin Pharmacokin 24:344–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Haynes G, Braken NH, Hill HF (1993) Plasma sufentanil concentration after intranasal administration to paediatric outpatients. Can J Anaesth 40: 286

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Hertzka RE, Gauntlett IS, Fisher DM, Spell-man M J (1989) Fentanyl-induced ventilatory depression: effects of age. Anesthesiology 70: 213–218

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Heubi JE, Bien JP (1997) Acetaminophen use in children: More is not better. J Pediatr 130: 175–177

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Hickey PR, Hanse DD, Klessel DL, Lang P, Jonas RA, Elieson EM (1985) Blunting of stress responses in the pulmonary circulation of infants by fentanyl. Anesth Analg 64: 1137–1142

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Hillson JL, Furst DE (2000) Rofecoxib. Expert Opi Pharmacother 1:1053–1066

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Hoke JF, Shlugman D, Dershwitz M et al. (1997) Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of remifentanil in persons with renal failure compared with healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 87:533–541

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Hopkins CS, Underhill S, Booker PD (1990) Pharmacokinetics of paracetamol after cardiac surgery. Arch Dis Child 65:971–976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Howard CR, Howard FM, Weitzman ML (1994) Acetaminophen analgesia in neonatal circumcision: The effect of pain. Pediatrics 93: 641–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Howie MB, Smith DF, Harrington K et al. (1984) Serum concentrations of sufentanil and fentanyl in the post-operative course in cardiac surgery patients. Anesthesiology 61: A131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Hughes MA, Glass PS A, Jacobs JR (1992) Context-sensitive half-time in multicompartment pharmacokinetic models for intravenous anesthetic drugs. Anesthesiology 76: 334–341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Hunt A, Joel S, Dick G, Goldman A (1999) Population pharmacokinetics of oral morphine and its glucuronides in children receiving morphine as immediate-release liquid or sustained-release tablets for cancer pain. J Pediatr 135(1): 47–55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Hunt A, Goldman A, Devine T, Phillips M (2001) Transdermal fentanyl for pain relief in a paediatric palliative care population. Palliat Med 15: 405–412

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Iisalo EUM, Iisalo E (1978) A comparison of high dose pentazocine with pethidin and diazepam in paediatric premedication. Ann Chir Gynecol 67:123–128

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Ivani G, Bergendahl HTG, Lampugnani E (1998) Plasma levels of Clonidine following epidural bolus injection in children. Acta Anaesth Scand 42:306–311

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Jacqz-Aigrain E, Burtin P (1996) Clinical pharmacokinetics of sedatives in neonates. Clin Pharmacokinet 31: 423–443

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Jamali S, Monin S, Begon C, Dubousset AM, Ecoffey C (1994) Clonidine in pediatric caudal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 78: 663–666

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Jarvis AP, Arancibia CU (1987) A case of difficult neonatal ventilation. Anesth Analg 66: 196

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Johnson KL, Erickson JP, Holley FO, Scott JC (1984) Fentanyl pharmacokinetics in the pediatric population. Anesthesiology 61: A441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Jorch G, Rickers E, Rabe H, Bömelburg T, Hentschel R, Michel E (1989) Pethidin-Anal-gesie und Hirnkreislauf bei sehr kleinen Frühgeborenen. Klin Pädiatr 201:195–198

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Kart T, Chirstrup LL, Rasmussen M (1997) Recommended use of morphine in neonates, infants and children based on a literature review. Part 1: Pharmacokinetics. Pediatr Anaesth 7:5–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Kart T, Christrup LL, Rasmussen M (1997) Recommended use of morphine in neonates, infants and children based on a literature review. Part 2: Clinical use. Paediatr Anaesth 7:93–101

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Katz R, Kelley W (1993) Pharmacokinetics of continous infusions of fentanyl in critically ill children. Crit Care Med 21: 995–1000

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Katz R, Kelley HW, Hsi A (1994) Prospective study of the occurrence of withdrawal in critically ill children who receive fentanyl by continous infusion. Crit Care Med 22: 763–767

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Kaltenbach ML, Mohammed SS, Mullersman G, Perrin JH, Derendorf H (1994) Pharmacokinetic evaluation of two ibuprofen-codeine combinations. Int J Clin Pharm Ther 32: 210–214

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Kamei J (1998) Role of opioidergic and serotonergic mechanisms in cough and antitussives. Pulm Pharmacol 9:349–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. Kan RE, Hughes SC, Rosen MA, Kessin C, Preston PG, Lobo EP (1998) Intravenous remifentanil. Placental transfer, maternal and neonatal effects. Anesthesiology 88: 1467–1474

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Kauffman RE, Nelson MV (1992) Effect of age on ibuprofen pharmacokinetics and antipyretic response. J Pediatr 121:969–973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Kauffmann RE, Bollinger RO, Wan SH, Oren J (1982) Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of naproxen in Children. Dev Pharmacol Ther 5:143–150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Kaufman DW, Kelley JP, Levy M (1991) The drug etiology of agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia. Oxford Univ Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  135. Kay B (1980) A double-blind comparison between fentanyl and buprenorphin in analgesic-supplemented anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 52: 453–457

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Kelley MT, Watson PD, Edge JH, Cox S, Mortensen ME (1992) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ibuprofen isomers and acetaminophen in febrile children. Clin Pharmacol Ther 52:181–189

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Keränen A, Nykänen S, Taskinen J (1978) Pharmakokinetics and side-effects of Clonidine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 13: 97–101

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Keuth B, Stapenhorst L, Adams HA, Roth B (2001) Analgosedierung von beatmeten Neugeborenen und Säuglingen mit S(+)-Ketamin. Geburth Neonatol 205 [Suppl 1]: S10

    Google Scholar 

  139. Killian A, Davis PJ, Stiller RL, Cicco R, Cook DR, Guthrie RD (1990) Influence of gestational age on pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in neonates. Dev Pharmacol Ther 15: 82–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Koehntop DE, Rodamm JH, Brundage DM, Hegland MG (1986) Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in neonates. Anesth Analg 65: 227–232

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Konstan MW, Hoppel CL, Chai BL, Davis PB (1991) Ibuprofen in children with cystic fibrosis: pharmacokinetics and adverse effects. J Pediatr 118:956–964

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Koren G, Crean P, Goresky GV, Klein J, MacLeod SM (1984a) Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in children with renal disease. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 46: 371–379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Koren G, Goresky G, Creau P, Klein J, Mac Lerd SM (1984b) Pediatric fentanyl dosing based on pharmacokinetics during cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 63: 577–582

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Koren G, Butt W, Chinvanga H, Soldin S, Tan YK, Pape K (1985) Post-operative morphine infusion in newborn infants: Assessment of disposition characeteristics and safety. J Pediatr 107: 963–967

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Kornblum HI, Langklin SE, Leslie FM (1987) Effects of morphine on DNA synthesis in neonatal rat brain. Dev Brain Res 31:45–52

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Korpela R, Olkkola KT (1990) Pharmacokinetics of intravenous diclofenac sodium in children. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 38: 293–295

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Krane EJ (1988) Delayed respiratory depression in a child after caudal epidural morphine. Anesth Analg 67: 79–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Kuhls E, Gauntlett IS, Lau M, Brown R, Rudolph CD, Teitel DF, Fisher DM (1995) Effect of increased intra-abdominal pressure on hepatic extraction and clearance of fentanyl in neonatal lambs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274:115–119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Kuhnert BR, Kuhnert PM, Tu A-S, Lin DCK (1979) Meperidine and normeperidine levels following meperidine administration during labor. II Fetus and neonate. Am J Obstet Gynecol 133: 909–914

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Kuhnert BR, Kuhnert PM, Philipson EH, Syracuse CD (1985) Disposition of meperidine and normeperidine following multiple doses during labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 151: 410–415

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Lago P, Benini F, Agosto C, Zacchello F (1998) Randomised controlled trial of low dose fentanyl infusion in preterm infants with hyaline membrane disease. Arch Dis Child 79: 194–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. Lago P, Bettiol T, Salvadori S, Pitassi I, Vianello A, Chiandetti L, Saia OS (2002) Safety and efficacy of ibuprofen vs. indomethacin in preterm infants treated for patent ductus arteriosus: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Pediatr 161: 202–207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Lajarrige C, Adafer M, Mouthemy G, Kremp L (1993) Effet du fentanyl sur la ventilation du prématuré. Arch Fr Pédiatr 50: 27–24

    Google Scholar 

  154. Lambertsen CJ, Wendel H, Longenhagen JB (1961) The separate and combined respiratory effects of chlorpromazine and meperidine in normal men controlled at 46 mmHg alveolar pCO<sub>2</sub>. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 131:381–393

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Lehmann KA, Tenbuhs B, Hoeckle W (1986) Patient-controlled analgesia with piritramid for the treatment of post-operative pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 37: 247–257

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Lesko SM, Mitchell AA (1995) An assessment of the safety of pediatric ibuprofen. JAMA 273: 929–933

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Levron JC, Le Moing JP, Chauvin M, Duvaldestin P, Camboulives J, Ferrier C (1992) Pharmacokinetics of transdermal fentanyl: the effect of age. In: Bres J, Panis G (Hrsg) Pharmacocinetique: de la recherche à la clinique. John Libbey Eurotext

    Google Scholar 

  158. Levy M, Zylber-Katz E, Rosenkranz B (1995) Clinical pharmacokinetics of dipyrone and its metabolites. Clin Pharmacokinet 28: 216–34

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Lindena G, Arnau H, Liefhold J (1998) Hydro-morphon — pharmakologische Eigenschaften und therapeutische Wirksamkeit. Der Schmerz 12:195–204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Lin Y-G, Sussman HH, Benitz WE (1997) Plasma concentrations after rectal administration of acetaminophen in preterm neonates. Paediatr Anaesth 7: 457–459

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Litalien C, Jacqz-Aigrain E (2001) Risks and benefits of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in children: a comparison with paracetamol. Paediatr Drugs 3: 817–858

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Lonnqvist PA, Bergendahl H (1993) Pharmacokinetics and haemodynamic response after an intravenous bolus injection of Clonidine in children. Paeditr Anaesth 3:359–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. Lonnqvist PA, Bergendahl HTG, Eksborg S (1994) Pharmacokinetics of Clonidine after rectal administration in children. Anesthesiology 81:1097–1101

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Lynn AM, Opheim KE, Tyler DT (1984) Morphine infusion after pediatric cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med 12: 863–866

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Lynn AM, Slattery JT (1987) Morphine pharmacokinetics in early infancy. Anesthesiology 66:136–139

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Lynn AM, Nespeca MK, Opheim KE, Slattery JT (1993) Respiratory effects of intravenous morphine infusions in neonates, infants, and children after cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 77: 695–701

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Mac Gregor R, Evans D, Sugden D, Gaussen T, Levene M (1998) Outcome at 5–6 years of prematurely born children who received morphin as neonates. Arch Dis Child 79: 40–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  168. Magnani B, Evans R, Hegland UG, Buckley J (1999) Codeine intoxication in the neonate. Pediatrics 104: e75

    Google Scholar 

  169. Makela AL, Lempianen M, Ylijorki H (1981) Ibuprofen levels in serum and synovial fluid. Scand J Rheumatol 39:15–17

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Marlow N, Weindling AM, Cooke RWI (1988) Hazards of analgesia for newborn infants. Arch Dis Child 63:1293–1298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Marlow N, Weindling AM, Peer A, Heykants J (1990) Alfentanil pharmacokinetics in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child 65:349–351

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Marsh DF, Hatch DJ, Fitzgerald M (1997) Opioid systems and the newborn. Br J Anaesthesia 79:787–795

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Mather IE (1983) Clinical pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and its new derivatives. Clin Pharmacokinet 8:422–446

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Mather SJ, Pentrell JM (1995) Postoperative morphine requirements, nausea and vomiting following anaesthesia for tonsillectomy. Comparison of intravenous morphine and nonopioid analgesic techniques. Pediatr Anaesth 5:185–188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Maunuksela EL, Hamunen K (1996) Dose response of oxycodone and morphine in children and adults. Abstract 162,8th World Congress on Pain, August 17–22, Vancouver, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  176. Maunuksela EL, Korpola R, Olkkola KT (1988a) Double-blind, multiple-dose comparison of buprenorphin and morphine in postoperative pain of children. Br J Anaesth 60:48–55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Maunuksela EL, Olkkola KT, Korpola R (1988b) Does prophylactic intravenous infusion of indomethacin improve the management of postoperative pain in children? Can J Anaesth 35:123–130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. McClain BC, Ennevor S (2000) The use of gabapentin in pediatric patients with neuropathic pain. Sem Anesthesia Periop Med Pain 19: 83–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. McGraw T, Raborn W, Grace M (1987) Analgesics in pediatric dental surgery. J Dent Child 54:106–109

    Google Scholar 

  180. McRorie TI, Lynn AM, Nespeca MK, Opheim KE, Slattery JT (1992) The maturation of morphine clearance and metabolism. Am J Dis Child 146: 972–976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Meistelman C, Saint-Maurice G, Leupaul M, Levron JC, Loose JP, Mac Gee G (1987) A comparison of alfentanil pharmacokinetics in children and adults. Anesthesiology 66:13–16

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Meistelman C, Benhamou D, Barre J, Levron J-C, Mahe V, Mazoit X, Ecoffey C (1990) Effects of age on plasma protein binding of sufentanil. Anesthesiology 72: 470–473

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Meuldermans WEG, Hurkmans RMA, Heykants J (1982) Plasma protein binding and distribution of fentanyl, sufentanil, alfentanil and lofentanil in blood. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 257:4–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Meuldermans W, Woestenborghs R, Noorduin H, Camu F, von Steenberge A, Heykants J (1986) Protein binding of the analgesics alfentanil and sufentanil in maternal and neonatal plasma. Eur J Pharmacol 30:217–219

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Meuldermans W, Hendrickx J, Lauwers et al. (1987) Excretion and biotransformation of alfentanil and sufentanil in rats and dogs. Drug Metab Dispos 15:905–913

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Mikawa K, Maekawa N, Nishina K (1993) Efficacy of oral Clonidine premedication in children. Anesthesiology 79:926–931

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Miller RP, Roberts RJ, Fischer LJ (1976) Acetaminophen elimination kinetics in neonates, children, and adults. Clin Pharmacol Ther 19: 284–294

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Miser AW, Chayt KJ, Sandlund JT, Cohen PS, Dothage JA, Miser JS (1986) Narcotic withdrawal syndrome in young adults after the therapeutic use of opiates. Am J Dis Child 140: 603–604

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Morselli PL, Franco-Morselli R, Bossi L (1980) Clinical pharmacokinetics in newborns and infants. Age-related differences and therapeutic implications. Clin Pharmacokinet 5: 485–527

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Monk JP, Berenford R, Ward A (1988) Sufentanil: A review of its pharmacologic properties and therapeutic use. Drugs 36: 286–313

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Morselli PL, Roven V (1980) Placental transfer of pethidin and norpethidin and their pharmacokinetics in the newborn. Eur J Clin Pharmacokinet 18: 25–30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Morton NS, O’Brien K (1999) Analgesic efficacy of paracetamol and diclofenac in children receiving PCA morphine. Br J Anaesth 82:715–717

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Moulenaar F, Schoonen AJM, Evertz A, Huizinga T (1979) Biopharmaceutics of rectal administration of drugs in man. 4: Absorption rate and bioavailability of paracetamol from fatty suppositories. Pharm Week (Sci) 1: 89–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  194. Munro HM, Riegger LQ, Reynolds PI (1994) Comparison of the analgesic and emetic properties of ketorolac and morphine for paediatric outpatient strabismus surgery. Br J Anaesth 72: 624–628

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Murat I, Levon JC, Berg A, Saint-Maurice C (1988) Effects of fentanyl on baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate in newborn infants. Anesthesiology 68:717–722

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Nahata M, Miser A, Miser JS, Reuning RH (1985) Variation in morphine pharmacokinetics in children with cancer. Dev Pharmacol Ther 8:182–188

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Nation RL (1981) Meperidine binding in maternal and fetal plasma. Clin Pharmacol Ther 29: 472–479

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Nichols DG, Yaster M, Lynn AM et al. (1993) Disposition and respiratory effect of intrathecal morphine in children. Anesthesiology 79:733–738

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Nishina K, Mikawa K, Maekawa N (1994) Clonidine decreases the dose of thiamylal required to induce anesthesia in children. Anesth Analg 79: 766–768

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Nishina K, Mikawa K, Maekawa N (1996) The efficacy of Clonidine for reducing perioperative haemodynamic changes and volatile anaesthetic requirements in children. Anaes-thesiol Scand 40: 746–751

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Nishina K, Mikawa K, Shiga M, Takao Y, Maekawa N, Obara H (2000) Diclofenac and furbiprofen with or without Clonidine for postoperative analgesia in children undergoing elective ophthalmological surgery. Paedi-atr Anaesth 10: 645–651

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Noyes M, Irving H (2001) The use of transdermal fentanyl in pediatric oncology palliative care. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 18:411–416

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Olkkola KT, Maunuksela E-L, Korpela R, Rosenberg PH (1988) Kinetics and dynamics of postoperative intravenous morphine in children. Clin Pharmacol Ther 44:128–136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Olkkola KT, Maunuksela E-L, Korpela R (1989) Pharmacokinetics of intravenous buprenorphin in children. Br J Pharm 28: 202–204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Olkkola KT, Maunuksela EL, Korpl R (1989) Pharmacokinetics of postoperative intravenous indomethacin in children. Pharmacol Toxicol 65:157–160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Olkkola KT, Hamunen K, Seppäla T, Maunuksela EL (1994) Pharmacokinetics and ventilatory effects of intravenous oxycodone in postoperative children Br J Pharm 38:71–76

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Olkkola KT, Hamunen K, Maunuksela E-L (1995) Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of opioid analgesics in infants and children. Clin Pharmacokinet 28: 385–404

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Orsini AJ, Leet KH, Costarino A, Dettore MD, Stefano JL (1996) Routine use of fentanyl infusions for pain and stress reduction in infants with respiratory distress syndrome. J Pediatr 129:140–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Osborne RJ, Joel SP, Slevin ML (1986) Morphine intoxication in renal failure: the role of morphine-6-glucuronide. Br J Med 232: 1548–1549

    Article  Google Scholar 

  210. Parke TJ, Millett S, Old S, Goodwin AP, Rice AS (1995) Ketorolac for early postoperative analgesia. J Clin Anaesth 199557:465–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  211. Paut O, Camboulives J, Viard L, Lemoing JP, Levron JC (2000) Pharmacokinetics of transdermal fentanyl in the peri-operative period in young children. Anaesthesia 55:1202–1207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Pedraz JL, Calvo MB, Lanao JM, Muriel C, Santos Lamas J, Dominguez-Gil A (1989) Pharmacokinetics of rectal ketamine in children. Br J Anaesth 63: 671–674

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Pendeville PE, Montigny S von, Dort JP, Veyckemans F (2000) Double-blind randomized study of tramadol vs. paracetamol in analgesia after day-case tonsillectomy in children. Eur J Anaesthesiol 17: 576–582

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Petrat G, Klein U, Meißner W (1997) On-demand analgesia with piritramide in children. A study on dosage specification and safety. Eur J Pediatr Surg 7:38–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Pickering AE, Bridge HS, Nolan J, Stoddart PA (2002) Double-blind, placebo-controlled analgesic study of ibuprofen or rofecoxib in combination with paracetamol for tonsillectomy in children. Br J Anaesth 88:72–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Poyhiä R, Seppäla T, Olkkola K, Kalso E (1992) The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of oxycodone after intramuscular and oral administration to healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharm 33: 617–621

    Article  Google Scholar 

  217. Pokela M-L, Olkkola KT, Koivisto M, Ryhänen P (1992a) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous meperidine in neonates and infants. Clin Pharmacol Ther 52:342–349

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Pokela M-L, Ryhänen PT, Koivisto ME, Olkkola KT, Sankkonen AL (1992b) Alfentanil-induced rigidity in newborn infants. Anesth Analg 75: 252–257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Pokela M-L, Olkkola KT, Seppäla T, Koivisto M (1993) Age-related morphine kinetics in infants. Dev Pharmacol Ther 20: 26–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Pokela M-L (1997) Overdoses of pethidin given to preterm neonates. Acta Paediatr 86: 323–325

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Porter FL, Grunau RE, Anand KJS (1999) Long-term effects of pain in infants. Dev Behav Pediatr 20: 253–261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Purcell-Jones G, Dormon MB, Summer BM (1987) The use of opioids in neonates: A retrospective study of 933 cases. Anaesthesia 42:1316–1320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Ramesh VJ, Bhardwaj N, Batra YK (1997) Comparative study of oral Clonidine and diazepam as premedicants in children. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 35: 218–221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Rantiainen P (1991) Alfentanil infusion for sedation in infants and small children during cardiac catherization. Can J Anaesth 38: 980–984

    Article  Google Scholar 

  225. Rauch F, Schönau E, Glorieux FH (2000) Bisphosphonate. Anwendung in der Pädiatrie. Monatsschr Kinderheilk 148:334–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  226. 223- Reyle-Hahn M, Niggemann B, Max M, Streich R, Rossaint R (2000) Remifentanil and propofol for sedation in children and young adolescents undergoing diagnostic flexible bronchoscopy. Paediatr Anesth 10: 59–63

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Rita L, Seleny F, Goodarzi M (1980) Comparison of the calming and sedative effects of nalbuphine and pentazocine for paediatric premedication. Can Anaesth Soc 27:546–549

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Rivera-Penera T, Gugig R, Davis J et al. (1997) Outcome of acetaminophen overdose in pediatric patients and factors contributing to hepatotoxicity J Pediatr 130:300–304

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Robieux IC, Kellner JD, Coppes MJ et al. (1992) Analgesia in children with sickle cell crisis: Comparison of intermittent opioids vs continuous intravenous infusion of morphine and placebo-controlled study of oxygen inhalation. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 9: 317–326

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Romsing J, Ostergaard D, Senderovitz T, Drozdziewicz D, Sonne J, Ravn G (2001) Pharmakokinetics of oral diclofenac and acetaminophen in children after surgery. Paed Anaesth 11: 205–213

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Romsing J, Moiniche S, Dahl JB (2002) Rectal and parenteral paracetamol, and paracetamol in combination with NSAIDs, for postoperative analgesia. Br J Anaesth 88: 215–226

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Ross AK, Davis PJ, Dear GG, Ginsberg B, Mc-Gowan FX, Stiller RD, Henson LG, Huffman C, Muir KT (2001) Pharmacokinetics in anesthetized pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery or diagnostic procedures. Anesth Analg 93:1370–1372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  233. Roth B, Schlünder C, Houben F, Günther M, Theisohn M (1991) Analgesia and sedation in neonatal intensive care using fentanyl by continous infusion. Dev Pharmacol Ther 17: 121–127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Roure PN, Jean N, Leclerc AC et al. (1987) Pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in children undergoing surgery. Br J Anaesth 59: 1437–1440

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Ryan JP, Meakin G (1989) Fentanyl overdose in a neonate: use of naloxone. Anaesthesia 44: 864–865

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Ryhanen P, Adamski J, Puhakka K (1994) Postoperative pain relief in children: a comparison between caudal bupivacain and intramuscular diclofenac sodium. Anaesthesia 49:57–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Saarenmaa E, Huttunen P, Leppäluoto J, Fell-man V (1996) Alfentanil as procedural pain relief in newborn infants. Arch Dis Child 75: F103–107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Saarenmaa E, Huttunen P, Leppäluoto J, Meretoja O, Fellman V (1999) Advantages of fentanyl over morphine in analgesia for ventilated newborn infants after birth: A randomized trial. J Pediatr 134:144–150

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Sabatowski R, Kasper SM, Radbruch L (2002) Patient-controlled analgesia with intravenous L-methadone in a child with cancer pain refractory to high-dose morphine. J Pain Symptom Manage 23:3–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Santeiro ML, Christie J, Stromquist C, Torres BA, Markowsky SJ (1997) Pharmacokinetics of continuous infusion of fentanyl in newborns. J Perinatol 17:135–139

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Schäffer J, Piepenbrock S, Kretz F-J, Schönfeld C (1986) Nalbuphin und Tramadol zur postoperativen Schmerzbekämpfung bei Kindern. Anaesthesist 35: 408–413

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Schäffer J, Hagemann H, Holzapfel S, Panning B, Piepenbrock S (1989) Untersuchung zur postoperativen Schmerztherapie bei Kleinkindern mit Tramadol. Fortschritte Anästh Notfall-Intensivmed 3: 42–45

    Google Scholar 

  243. Schechter NL, Weisman SJ, Rosenblum M, Bernstein B, Conard PL (1995) The use of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for painful procedures in children. Pediatrics 95:335–339

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Scholz J, Steinfath M, Schulz M (1996) Clinical pharmacokinetics of alfentanil, fentanyl and sufentanil. Clin Pharmacokinet 31: 275–292

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Schwartz AE, Matteo RS, Ornsteine E, Thornhill BA (1987) Pharmacokinetics of sufentanil in hyperventilated patients Anaesth Analg 66 Suppl: 151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  246. Seguin JH, Erenberg A, Leffl PD (1994) Safety and efficacy of sufentanil therapy in the ventilated Infant. Neonatal Network 13:37–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Seibert K, Zhang Y, Leahy K et al. (1994) Pharmacological and biochemical demonstration of the role of cyclo oxygenase 2 in inflammation and pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 12013–12017

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Semple V, Russell S, Doyle E, Aldridge LM (1999) Comparison of morphine sulphate and codein phosphate in children undergoing adrenotonsillectomy. Paediatr Anaesth 9: 135–138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Shanahan EC, Marshall AG, Garrett CPO (1983) Adverse reactions of intravenous codeine phosphate in children. Anaesthesia 38: 40–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Sharar SR, Bratton SL, Carrougher GJ, Edwards WT, Summer G, Levy FH, Cortiella J (1998) A comparison of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate and oral hydromorphone for inpatient pediatric burn wound care analgesia. J Burn Care Rehabil 19:516–521

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Sharar SR, Carrougher GJ, Selzer K, O’Donnell F, Vavilala MS, Lee LA (2002) A comparison of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate and oral oxycodone for pediatric outpatient wound care. J Burn Care Rehabil 23: 27–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Shah V, Taddio A, Ohlsson A (1998) Randomized controlled trial of paracetamol for heel prick pain in neonates. Arch Dis Child 79: F209–F211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Shann F (1993) Paracetamol: When, why, and how much? J Pediatr Child Health 29: 84–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Shir Y, Shenkman Z, Shavelson V, Davidson EM, Rosen G (1998) Oral methadone for the treatment of severe pain in hospitalized children: a report of five cases. Clin J Pain 14: 350–353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Shlugman D, Dufore S, Dershwitz M et al. (1994) Respiratory effects of remifentanil in subjects with severe renal impairment compared to matched controls. Anesthesiology 81: A1417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  256. Singleton MA, Rosen J, Fisher DM (1984) Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in infants and adults. Anesthesiology 61: A440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  257. Sjögren P, Dragsted L, Christensen CB (1993) Myoclonic spasms during treatment with high doses of intravenous morphine in renal failure. Acta Anaesth Scand 37: 780–782

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Sommer M, Riedel J, Fusch Ch, Fetsge OA, Hachenberg T (2001) Intravenous anaesthesia with remifentanil in a preterm infant. Paed Anaesth 11: 249–256

    Google Scholar 

  259. Stanski DR, Paalzow L, Edlund PO (1982) Morphine pharmacokinetics: GLC assay versus radioimmunoassay. J Pharm Sci 71:314–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Steans A, Manners PJ, Robinson IG (1990) A multicenter long-term evaluation of the safety and efficacy of ibuprofen syrup in children with juvenile chronic arthritis. BJCP 44: 172–175

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Stile IL, Fort M, Wurzburger RJ (1987) The pharmacokinetics of naloxone in the premature newborn. Dev Pharmacol Ther 10: 454–459

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Streisand JB, Hague B, van Vreeswijk HV et al. (1987) Oral transmucosal fentanyl premedication in children. Anesth Analg 66: S170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  263. Talbott GA, Lynn AM, Levy FH, Zelikovic I (1997) Respiratory arrest precipitated by codeine in a child with chronic renal failure. Clin Pediatr 36:171–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Tay CL, Tan S (2002) Diclofenac or paracetamol for analgesia in paediatric myringotomy outpatients. Anaesth Intensive Care 30:55–59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Tegeder I, Lötsch J, Geisslinger G (1999) Pharmacokinetics of opioids in liver disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 37:17–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Tempel A, Habas JE, Paredes W, Barr GA (1988) Morphine induced down regulation of u-opioid receptors in neonatal rat brain. Dev Brain Res 41:129–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  267. Thornton SR, Compton DR, Smith FL (1998) Ontogeny of mu opioid agonist antinociception in postnatal rats. Dev Brain Res 105: 269–276

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Tobias JD (1996) Tramadol for postoperative analgesia in adolescents following orthopedic surgery in a third world country. Am J Pain Manage 6:51–53

    Google Scholar 

  269. Tobias JD (1997) Seizure after overdose of tramadol. South Med J 90: 826–827

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Trieschmann U, Hering F, Laschat M, Holzki J (1996) Clonidin in der Analgosedierung bei Kindern. Der Schmerz [Suppl 1]: 52

    Google Scholar 

  271. Vandenberghe H, Mac Leod S, Chinyanga H, Endrenyi L, Soldin S (1983) Pharmacokinetics of intravenous morphine in balanced anesthesia: Studies in children. Drug Metab Rev 14:887–903

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Vanegas H, Schaible HG (2001) Prostaglandins and cyclo oxygenases in the spinal cord. Progress in Neurology 64:327–363

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Van Lingen R, Quak C, Deinum H, van de Logt F, van Eyck J, Okken A (1995) Clinical effects of rectally administerd acetaminophen (APAP) on infants delivered by vacuumex-traction (VE). Pediatr Res 38: 458

    Google Scholar 

  274. Van Lingen RA, Deinum JT, Quak JME et al. (1999) Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of rectally administerd paracetamol in preterm neonates. Arch Dis Child 80, F59–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  275. Van Overmeire B, Touw D, Schepens PJC, Kearns GL, van den Anker JN (2001) Ibuprofen pharmacokinetics in preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus. Clin Pharmacol Therap 170:336–343

    Google Scholar 

  276. Varvarigou A, Bardin CL, Beharry K, Chemtob S, Papageorgiou A, Aranda JV (1996) Early ibuprofen administration to prevent patent ductus arteriosus in premature newborn infants. JAMA 275: 539–544

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Vetter TR, Heiner EJ (1994) Intravenous ketorolac as an adjuvant to pediatric patient-controlled analgesia with morphine. J Clin Anesth 6:110–115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Vinik HR, Kissin I (1998) Rapid development of tolerance to analgesia during remifentanil infusion in humans. Anesth Analg 86: 1307–1311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Waldvogel HH (1996) Analgetika — Antinozizeptiva — Adjuvanzien. Handbuch für die Schmerzpraxis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio

    Book  Google Scholar 

  280. Walson PD, Mortensen ME (1989) Pharmacokinetics of common analgesics, anti-in-flammatories and antipyretics in children. Clin Pharmacokin 17 [Suppl 1]: 116–137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Wandless JG (1987) A comparison of nalbuphine with morphine for post-orchi-dopexy pain. Eur J Anaesth 4:127–132

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Waterworth TA (1974) Pentazocine (Fortral) as postoperative analgesic in children. Arch Dis Child 49:488–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Watson PD, Galetta G, Braden NJ, Alexander L (1989) Ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and placebo treatment of febrile children. Clin Pharmacol Ther 46:9–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  284. Way WL, Costley EC, Way EL (1965) Respiratory sensitivity of the newborn infant to meperidine and morphin. Clin Pharm Ther 6: 454–461

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Wee LH, Moriarty A, Cranston A (1999) Remifentanil infusion for major abdominal surgery in small infants. Paed Anaesth 9: 415–418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Wells TG, Mortensen ME, Dietrich A, Walson PD, Blasier D, Kearns GL (1994) Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of naproxen tablets and suspension in children. J Clin Pharmacol 1994;34:30–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Wennstrom B, Reinsfelt B (2002) Rectally administered diclofenac (Voltaren) reduces vomiting compared with opioid (morphine) after strabismus surgery in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 46: 430–434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Whyte S, Birrell G, Wyllie J (2000) Premedication before intubation in UK neonatal units. Arch Dis Child 82: F38–F41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Wiest DB, Pinson JB, Gal PS, Brundage RC, Schall S, Ransom JL, Weaver RL, Purohit D, Brown Y (1991) Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous indomethacin in neonates with symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus. Clin Pharmacol Ther 49:550–557

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Wiest DB, Ohning BL, Gorner SS (1991) The disposition of alfentanil in neonates with respiratory distress. Pharmacotherapy 11: 308–311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Wilhelm W, Dorscheid E, Schlaich N, Niederprüm P, Deller D (1999) Remifentanil zur Analgosedierung von Intensivpatienten. Anaesthesist 48: 625–629

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Williams DG, Hatch DJ, Howard RF (2001) Codein phosphate in paediatric medicine. Br J Anaesth 86: 413–421

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Wilson AS, Stiller RL, Davis PJ, Fedel G, Chakravorti S, Israel BA, McGowan FX (1997) Fentanyl and alfentanil plasma protein binding in preterm and term neonates. Anesth Analg 84:315–318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Wolf AR (1999) Pain, nociception and the developing infant. Paediatr Anaesth 9: 7–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Wohltmann M, Roth BL, Coscia CJ (1982) Differential postnatal development of mu and delta opiate receptors. Dev Brain Res 3: 679–684

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Yaffe SJ, Friedman WF, Rogers D (1980) The disposition of indomethacin in preterm babies. J Pediatr 97:1001–1006

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Yaster M (1987) The dose response of fentanyl in neonatal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 66: 433–435

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Yaster M (1987) Analgesia and anesthesia in neonates. J Pediatr 111:394–396

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Yaster M, Deshpande JK (1988) Management of pediatric pain with opioid analgesics. J Pediatr 113: 421–429

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Zedie N, Amroy DW, Wagner BK, O’Hara DA (1996) Comparison of intranasal midazolam and sufentanil premedication in pediatric outpatients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 59:341–348

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Zelis R, Mansour EJ, Capone RJ, Mason DT (1974) The cardiovascular effects of morphine: the peripheral capacitance and resistance vessels in human subjects. J Clin Invest 54:1247–1258

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Zernikow B, Grießinger N, Fengler R (1999) Schmerztherapie in der Kinderonkologie. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 147: 438–456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  303. Zucker TP, Flesche CW (1993) Unerwünschte Nebenwirkung: Thrombophlebitis unter kontinuierlicher Piritramid-Infusion. Anästhesiol Intensivmed 34:360

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. B. Roth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. Hünseler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. E. Michel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. B. Zernikow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Kinderschmerztherapie und Pädiatrische Palliativmedizin, Vestischen Kinder- und Jugendklinik Universität Witten/Herdecke, Dr.-Friedrich-Steiner-Straße 5, 45711, Datteln, Deutschland

    Boris Zernikow

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Roth, B., Hünseler, C., Michel, E., Zernikow, B. (2003). Klinisch-pharmakologische Grundlagen der Schmerztherapie. In: Zernikow, B. (eds) Schmerztherapie bei Kindern. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09814-1_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09814-1_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-44136-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-09814-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation