Abstract
During the development of multicellular organisms the earliest tissues to appear are epithelioid, consisting of cells in direct contact with one another. In contrast, the connective tissues, which appear somewhat later, are composed of cells surrounded by complex microenvironments known as extracellular matrices (ECM). ECMs consist of proteins, polysaccharides, hybrid molecules known as proteoglycans, and sometimes mineral, all in a highly hydrated state (see Comper, 1996 for reviews). When all categories are taken into consideration, the physical state of living tissues can range from liquid (blood), to elastic sheet (skin), to solid (bone), but mostly fall into the category of semi-solid condensed materials which de Gennes has termed “soft matter” (de Germes, 1992).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Armstrong P.B., Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 24 (1989) 119–149.
Brokaw J.L., Doillon C.J., Hahn R.A., Birk D.E., Berg R.A. and Silver F.H., Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 7 (1985) 135–140.
Bug A., Safran S. and Webman I., Phys. Rev. Lett. 54 (1985) 1412–1415.
Campbell G.A. and Forgacs G., Phys. Rev. A 41 (1990) 4570–4573.
Cheng P., Li D., Boruvka L., Rotenberg Y. and Neumann A.W., Colloids Surf. 43 (1990) 151–167.
Comper W.D., Extracellular Matrix, Vols. 1 and 2 (Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, 1996).
Comper W.D. and Veis A., Biopolymers 16 (1977a) 2113–2131.
Comper W.D. and Veis A., Biopolymers 16 (1977b) 2133–2142.
Critchley D.R., England M.A., Wakely J. and Hynes R.O., Nature 280 (1979) 498–499.
de Gennes P.G., Rev. Mod. Phys. 57 (1985) 827–863.
de Gennes P.G., Science 256 (1992) 495–497.
Elsdale T. and Bard J., J. Cell. Biol. 54 (1972) 626–637.
Forgacs G., Jaikaria N.S., Frisch H.L. and Newman S.A., J. Theor. Biol. 140 (1989) 417–430.
Forgacs G. and Newman S.A., Int. Rev. Cytol. 150 (1994) 139–148.
Forgacs G., Newman S.A., Obukhov S.P. and Birk D.E., Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 (1991) 2399–2402.
Forgacs G., Newman S.A., Polikova Z. and Neumann A.W., Colloids Surf. 3 (1994) 139–146.
Foty R.A., Forgacs G., Pfleger C.M. and Steinberg M. S., Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 (1994) 2298–2301.
Foty R.A., Pfleger C.M., Forgacs G. and Steinberg M.S., Development 122 (1996) 1611–1620.
Gelman R.A., Williams B.R. and Piez K.A., J. Biol. Chem. 254 (1979) 180–186.
Glazier J.A. and Graner F., Phys. Rev. 47 (1993) 2128–2154.
Hay E.D., Int. Rev. Cytol. 63 (1980) 263–322.
Jaikaria N.S., Rosenfeld L., Khan M.Y., Danishefsky I. and Newman S.A., Biochemistry 30 (1991) 1538–1544.
Jeffrey D.J. and Acrivos A., Amer. Inst. Chem. Eng. J. 22 (1976) 417–432.
Jozefonvicz J. and Jozefowicz M., J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 1 (1990) 147–165.
Kishore R., Samuel M., Khan M.Y., Hand J., Frenz D.A. and Newman S.A., J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 17078–17085.
McPherson J.M., Sawamura S.J., Condell R.A., Rhee W. and Wallace D.G., Coll. Relat. Res. 8 (1988) 65–82.
Newgreen D.F. and Erickson C.A., Int. Rev. Cytol. 103 (1986) 89–145.
Newman S.A., “Epithelial Morphogenesis: A Physico-Evolutionary Interpretation”, in Molecular Basis of Epithelial Appendage Morphogenesis, edited by C.-M. Chuong (R.G. Landes Co., Austin, 1998) pp. 341–358.
Newman S., Cloître M., Allain C., Forgacs G. and Beysens D., Biopolymers 41 (1997) 337–347.
Newman S.A., Frenz D.A., Hasegawa E. and Akiyama S.K., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84 (1987) 4791–4795.
Newman S.A., Frenz D.A., Tomasek J.J. and Rabuzzi D.D., Science 228 (1985) 885–889.
Newman S.A. and Tomasek J.J., “Morphogenesis of Connective Tissues”, in Extracellular Matrix, Vol. 2: Molecular Components and Interactions, edited by W.D. Comper (Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, 1996) pp. 335–369.
Perrot F., Guenoun P., Baumberger T., Beysens D., Garrabos Y., and Le Neindre B., Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 (1994) 688–691.
Stanley H.E., Texeira J., Geiger A. and Blumberg R.L. Physica 106A (1981) 260–277.
Stauffer D., Introduction to Percolation Theory (Taylor and Francis, London, 1985)
Steinberg M. S., “Specific Cell Ligands and the Differential Adhesion Hypothesis: How Do They Fit Together?”, in Specificity of Embryological Interactions, edited by D.R. Garrod (London: Chapman and Hall, 1978) pp. 97–130.
Thomas D.G., J. Colloid Sci. 20 (1965) 267–277.
Tomasek J.J., Hay E.D. and Fujiwara K., Dev. Biol. 92 (1982) 107–122.
Veis A. and George A., “Fundamentals of Interstitial Collagen Self-Assembly”, in Extracellular Matrix Assembly and Structure, edited by P.D. Yurchenco, D.E. Birk and R.P. Mecham (Academic Press, San Diego, 1994) pp. 15–45.
Wakely J. and England M.A., Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 206 (1979) 329–352.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer-Verlag France
About this paper
Cite this paper
Newman, S.A. (1998). Networks of Extracellular Fibers and the Generation of Morphogenetic Forces. In: Beysens, D.A., Forgacs, G. (eds) Dynamical Networks in Physics and Biology. Centre de Physique des Houches, vol 10. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03524-5_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03524-5_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-65349-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-03524-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive