Skip to main content

Chemotherapy of Tapeworm Infections in Man

  • Chapter
Chemotherapy of Gastrointestinal Helminths

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 77))

  • 158 Accesses

Abstract

In the past 20 years, three new compounds, niclosamide, mebendazole, and praziquantel, have emerged to replace the innumerable organic and inorganic products and potions previously available for the treatment of human cestode infections. In terms of efficacy, safety, and ease of administration, they are far superior to their predecessors. The clinical use and chemistry of these older compounds (i.e., aspidium oleoresin, quinicrine, dichlorophen, and various tin, arsenical, lead, copper, and other inorganic elements) have been extensively reviewed, and, as they have been almost entirely replaced in human therapeutics, they will not be further examined here. While demonstrably better than our previous remedies for adult cestode infections, these three new compounds are not without their own problems in clinical use. Major advances in drug therapy for larval cestode infections in man have also been made, but much remains to be done before it reaches the effectiveness we currently can achieve with adult infections.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Amir-Jahed AK, Fardin R, Farzad A, Bakshandeh K (19/5) Clinical echinococcosis. Ann Surg 182:541–546

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammann RW (1980) Experiences with mebendazole treatment in Switzerland. Chemotherapy of larval echinococcosis: report of a workshop. Z Parasitenkd 671

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews P, Thomas H, Weber H (1980) The in vitro uptake of 14C-praziquantel by cestodes, trematodes, and a nematode. J Parasitol 66:920–925

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews P, Thomas H, Pohlke R, Seubert J (1983) Praziquantel. Med Res Rev 3:147–200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1970) Information material - Yomesan® (niclosamide). Center for Disease Control, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Atlanta, Georgia

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1976) Pathogenesis of the tapeworm anaemia. Br Med J 2:1028

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1977) Anaemia and the fish tapeworm. Lancet 1:292

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1979) Medical treatment fo hydatid disease? Br Med J 2:563

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apajalahti J (1977) Tratamiento de infecciones por Diphyllobothrium latum con una dosis oral única de praziquantel. Bol Chil Parasitol 32:43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baranski MC (1977) Tratamiento de teniasis e himenolepiasis humanas con praziquantel (Embay 8440). Bol Chil Parasitol 32:37–39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett A (1980) Experiences with mebendazole therapy in hydatid disease in Spain. Chemotherapy of larval echinococcosis: report of a workshop. Z Parasitenkd 671

    Google Scholar 

  • Beard TC, Rickard MD, Goodman HT (1978) Medical treatment for hydatids. Med J Aust 1:633–635

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bekhti A (1980) Experience with mebendazole therapy in hydatid disease in Belgium. Chemotherapy of larval echinococcosis: report of a workshop. Z Parasitenkd 671

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekhti A, Schaaps J-P, Capron M, Dessaint J-P, Santoro F, Capron A (1977) Treatment of hepatic hydatid disease with mebendazole: preliminary results in four cases. Br Med J 2:1047–1051

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bekhti A, Nizet M, Capron M, Dessaint J-P, Santoro F, Capron A (1980) Chemotherapy of human hydatid disease with mebendazole. Acta Gastroentol Belg 43:48–65

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Botero D, Castaño S (1980) Treatment of human cysticercosis with praziquantel (preliminary report) (Abstract 270). International congress on tropical medicine, Manila. Available from Dr David Botero, Antioqua University, Medelline, Columbia, South Africa

    Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite PA (1980) Clinical results obtained in the treatment of hydatid disease with mebendazole in Tasmania (Australia). Chemotherapy of larval echinococcosis: report of a workshop. Z Parasitenkd 671

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryceson A (1980 a) Mebendazole and hydatid disease. Br Med J 1:796

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryceson A (1980 b) The clinical results obtained in hydatid disease after mebendazole treatment in the UK. Chemotherapy of larval echinococcosis: report of a workshop. Z Parasitenkd 671

    Google Scholar 

  • Buhring KU, Diekmann HW, Garbe A, Nowak H (1978) Metabolism of praziquantel in man. Eur J Drug Metabol Pharmacokinet 3:179–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bylund G, Bang B, Wikgren K (1977) Evaluación experimental del efecto de praziquantel contra Diphyllobothrium latum in vivo e in vitro. Bol Chil Parasitol 32:7–16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell WC, Mracken RO, Blair LS (1975) Effect of parenterally injected benzimidazole compounds on Echinococcus multilocularis and Taenia crassiceps metacestodes in laboratory animals. J Parasitol 61:844–852

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canzonieri CJ, Rodriquez RB, Castillo HE, Balella CI de, Lucena M (1977) Ensayos terapéuticos con praziquantel en infecciones por Taenia saginata eHymenolepis nana. Bol Chil Parasitol 32:41–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chavarria M, Gonzalez D (1979) Droncit en el tratamiento de la cisticercosis porcina. Esp Vet 1:160–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Danis M, Brucker G, Gentilini M, Richard-Lenoble D, Smith M (1977) Treatment of hepatic hydatid disease. Br Med J 2:1356

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis A (1973) Drugs for cestodiasis. In: Davis A Drug treatment in intestinal helminthiasis. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis A, Wegner DHG (1979) Multicentre trials of praziquantel in human schistosomiasis. Bull WHO 57:767–800

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doer H (1980) Experiences with the high-dose mebendazole treatment in echinococcosis in the Netherlands. Chemotherapy in larval echinococcosis: report of a workshop. Z Parasitenkd 671

    Google Scholar 

  • Darneri I, Vita G (1973) Drugs used in cestode diseases. In: Cavier R (ed) International encyclopedia of pharmacology and therapeutics, sect 64. Pergamon, New York, pp 145–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Diekmann HW, Buhring KU (1976) The fate of praziquantel in the organism III. Metabolism in rat, beagle dog, and rhesus monkey. Eur J Drug Metabol Pharmacokinet 2:107–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Masry NA, Farid Z, Bassily S (1974) Treatment ofHymenolepis nana with niclosamide, mepacrine and thiabendazole. East Afr Med J 51:532—535

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Espejo H (1977) Tratamiento de infecciones por Hymenolepis nana, Taenia saginata, Taenia solium y Diphyllobothriumpacificum con praziquantel. Bol Chil Parasitol 32:39–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • French M (1980) Experience with mebendazole therapy of hydatid disease in Kenya. Workshop: chemotherapy of larval echinococcosis. Beerse, Belgium1

    Google Scholar 

  • Frohberg H, Schulze Schencking M (1981) Toxicological profile of praziquantel, a new drug against cestode and schistosome infections, as compared to some other schistosomicides. Arzneimittelforsch 31:555–565

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallie GJ, Sewell MM (1977) The effect of mebendazole on the cysticerci of Taenia saginata in calves. Trop Amin Health Prod 9:24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gönnert R (1974) Die Bandwurm-Infektionen des Menschen und ihre Behandlung. MMW 116:1531–1538

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmid JM (1974) The use of mebendazole as a broad-spectrum anthelmintic in Rhodesia. S Afr Med J 48:2265–2266

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groll E (1977) Panorama general del tratamiento de las infecciones humanas por cestodes con praziquantel. Bol Chil Parasitol 32:27–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heath DD (1970) The development of Echinococcus granulosus larvae in laboratory animals. Parasitology 60:449–456

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heath DD, Lawrence SB (1978) The effect of mebendazole and praziquantel on the cysts of Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena and T. ovis in sheep. NZ Vet J 25:11–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heath DD, Christie MJ, Chevis RAF (1975) The lethal effect of mebendazole on secondary Echinococcus granulosus, cysticerci ofTaenia pisiformis and tetrathyridia of Mescocestoides corti. Parasitology 70:273–285

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson JCP, Johnston NM, Plevey MVP, Thankgkhiew I, Aidney C (1975) Clinical trial of mebendazole, a broad-spectrum anthelmintic. Br Med J 2:309–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaffe JJ (1975) Nucleoside analogs as antiparasitic agents. Ann NY Acad Sci 255:306–316

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones TC (1978) Cestodes. Cli Gastroenterol 7:105–128

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones WE (1979) Niclosamide as a treatment of Hymenolepis diminuta and Dipylidium caninum infection in man. Am J Trop Med Hyg 28:300–302

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahra A, Veharanta T (1963) Expulsion of tapeworms with yomesan. Suom Loak 18:325–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Kammerer WS (1980) Treatment of human hydatid disease (Echinococcus granulosus) with a high-dose mebendazole regimen. Chemotherapy of larval echinococcosis: report of a workshop. Z Parasitenkd 671

    Google Scholar 

  • Kammerer WS, Judge DM (1976) Chemotherapy of hydatid disease (Echinococcus granulosus) in mice with mebendazole and bithionol. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52:714–717

    Google Scholar 

  • Kammerer WS, Perez-Esandi MV (1973) The current status of the chemotherapy of hydatid disease. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 7:47–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Kammerer WS, Miller KL (1981)Echinococcus granulosus: permeability of hydatid cysts to mebendazole in mice. Int J Parasitol 11 (3): 183–185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang HC, Min DY, Soh C-T (1978) Changes of liver cells of animals with administration of flubendazole. Yonsei Rep Trop Med 9:11–22

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kayser HJS (1980) Treatment of hydatid disease with mebendazole at Frere Hospital, East London. S Afr Med J 58:560–563

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kean BH (1976) How to treat tapeworm infections in humans. Consultant 9:82–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Kean BH, Hopkins D (1981) Intestinal parasitism, tapeworm infection. In: Conn HF (ed) Drugs of choice. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 365–367

    Google Scholar 

  • Keeling JED (1968) The chemotherapy of cestode infections. Adv Chemotherapy 3:109–152

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kern P (1980) Follow-up observations of patients with advanced cystic or alveolar echinococcosis with mebendazole. Chemotherapy of larval echinococcosis: report of a workshop. Z Parasitenkd1

    Google Scholar 

  • Kern P, Dietrich M, Volkmer K-J (1979) Chemotherapy of echinococcosis with mebendazole - clinical observation of 7 patients. Tropenmed Parasitol 30:65–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keystone JS, Murdoch JK (1979) Diagnosis and treatment - drugs five years later - mebendazole. Ann Intern Med 91:582–586

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krotov AI, Tchernaev AI, Kovalenko FP, Bajandino DG (1974) Experimental therapy of alveococcosis. II. Effectivity of some defensive remedies against alveococcosis of laboratory animals (in Russian). Med Parasitol 43:314—321

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leopold G, Ungethum W, Groll E, Diekmann HW, Nowak H, Wegner DHG (1978) Clinical pharmacology in normal volunteers of praziquantel, a new drug against schistosomes and cestodes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 14:281—291

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lubenski AU, Liudkova VM (1980) Chemotherapy of inoperable forms of hepatic alveolar hydatid disease. Khirugiia (Mosk) 6:68–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubinsky G (1964) Growth of the vegetatively propagated strain of larval Echinococcus multilocularis in some strains of Jackson mice and in their hybrids. Can J Zool 42:1099–1013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ludin CE, Gyr K (1977) Therapy of alveococcosis in man. J Int Med Res 5:367–368

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michiels M (1980) Pharmacokinetics of mebendazole and flubendazole in animals and man. Chemotherapy of larval echinococcosis: report of a workshop. Z Parasitenkd 671

    Google Scholar 

  • Miskovitz PF, Javitt NB (1980) Leukopenia associated with mebendazole therapy of hydatid disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29:1356–1358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muermann P, Eberstein MV, Frohberg H (1976) Notes on the tolerance of droncit - summary of trial results. Vet Med Rev 2:142–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray-Lyon IM, Reynolds KW (1979) Complication of mebendazole treatment for hydatid disease. Br Med J 2:1111–1112

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nassar N (1980) Clinical results with high-dose mebendazole treatment of hydatid disease in Lebanon. Chemotherapy of larval echinococcosis: report of a workshop. Z Parasitenkd 67

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliviera Gomes MC (1973) The treatment of taeniasis with mebendazole. Folha Med 66:87–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Panadas RN, Salas MN, Lerma FA, Rodrizuez T (1980) Tratamiento de la hidatidosis micro vesicular con mebendazol. Rev Clin Esp 156:295–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Pawlowski Z, Schultz MG (1972) Taeniasis and cysticercosis (Taenia saginata). Adv Parasit 10:269–343

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paz G (1977) Tratamiento de teniasis saginata con praziquantel. Bol Chil Parasitol 32:14–16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peña Chavarria A, Villarejos VM, Zeledon R (1977) Mebendazole in the treatment of taeniasis solium and taeniasis saginata. Am J Trop Med Hyg 26:118–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Perera DR, Western KA, Schultz MG (1970) Niclosamide treatment of cestodiasis - clinical trials in the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 19:610–612

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quilici M, Dumon H, Rampal M, Alimi JC (1979) Hydatidosis: traitement preoperatoire par fluoromebendazole. Nouv Presse Med 8(7): 524

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reisin IL (1980) Experience with mebendazole therapy of hydatid disease in Argentina. Chemotherapy of larval echinococcosis: report of a workshop. Z Parasitenkd 671

    Google Scholar 

  • Reisin IL, Rabito CA, Rotunno CA, Cereijido M (1977) The permeability of the membranes of experimental secondary cysts of Echinococcus granulosus to 14C mebendazole. Int J Parasitol 7:189–194

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rim H-J, Won C-R, Hyun I (1980) Therapeutic trial on the human cysticercosis with praziquantel. International congress on tropical medicine, Manila. Abstract 271

    Google Scholar 

  • Robles C, Chavarria MC (1979) Presentacion de un caso clinico de cisticercosis cerebral tratado medicamente con un nuevo farmaco: praziquantel. Salud Publica Mex 21:603— 618

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabrie A, Brandimarte C, Ferretti G (1980) Experience with mebendazole therapy in hydatid disease in Italy. Workshop: chemotherapy of larval echinococcosis. Beerse, Belgium. Z Parasitenkd 671

    Google Scholar 

  • Schantz PM, Vanden Bossche H, Eckert J (1982) Chemotherapy for larval Echinococcosis in animals and humans: report of a workshop: Z Parasitenkd 67:5–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schenone H (1980) Praziquantel in the treatment of Hymenolepis nana infections in children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29:320–321

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schenone H, Galdames M, Rivadeneira A, Morales E, Hoffmann M, Asalgado N, Meneses G, Mora M, Cabrera G (1977 a) Tratamiento de las infecciones porHymenolepis nana en ninos con una dosis oral única de praziquantel. Bol Chil Parasitol 32:11–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schenone H, Galdames M, Inzunza E, Jimenez M, Romero E, Bloomfield E (1977 b) Flubendazol en el tratamiento de infecciones por nematodes intestinales en ninos. Bol Chil Parasitol 32:85–86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwabe CW, Kilejian A, Lainas G (1970) The propagation of secondary cysts of Echinococcus granulosus in the mongolian jird,Meriones unguiculatus. J Parasitol 56:80–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seiler JP (1975) Toxicology and genetic effects of benzimidazole compounds. Mutat Res 32:151–168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Standen OD (1963) Chemotherapy of cestode infections. In: Schnitzer RJ, Hawking F (eds) Experimental chemotherapy. Academic, New York, pp 716–740

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner K, Garbe A, Diekmann HW, Nowak H (1976) The fate of praziquantel in the organism I. pharmacokinetics in animals. Eur J Drug Metabol Pharmacokinet 2:85–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thienpont D, Vanparijs O, Niemegeers C, Marsboom R (1978) Biological and pharmacological properties of flubendazole. Arzneimittelforsch 28:605–612

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas H (1977) Experimental results with praziquantel in cestodiasis and cysticercosis. Bol Chil Parasitol 32:2–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas H, Gonnert R (1977) The efficacy of praziquantel against cestodes in animals. Z Parasitenkd 52:117–127

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas H, Gonnert R (1978) The efficacy of praziquantel against experimental cysticercosis and hydatidosis. Z Parasitenkd 55:165–179

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas H, Gonnert R, Pohlke R, Seubert J (1975 a) Experiences with a new compound against larval cestodes. Second European multi-colloquy of parasitology, Trogir, Yugoslavia. Available from: Institute of chemotherapy, Bayer AG, Wuppertal-1, West Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas H, Gonnert R, Pohlke R, Seubert J (1975 b) Experimental and clinical studies with a new compound against tapeworms. Second European multi-colloquy of parasitology, Trogir, Yugoslavia. Available from: Institute of chemotherapy, Bayer AG, Wuppertal-1, West Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Tumskaia NI, Ozeretskovskaia NN (1979) Mebendazole in the treatment of acute and chronic stages of helminthiases. II. Mebendazole (Vermox) in the treatment of alveolar hydatid disease and echinococcosis (in Russian). Med Parazitol (Mosk) 48:17–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Vakil BJ, Dalai NJ, Enjetti E (1975) Clinical trials with mebendazole - a new broad spectrum anthelmintic. J Trop Med Hyg 78:154–158

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanden Bossche H (1980) Commentary - peculiar targets in anthelmintic chemotherapy. Biochem Pharmacol 29:1981–1990

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vanden Bossche H, Verhoeven H, Vanparijs O, Lauwers H, Thienpont D (1979) Closantel, a new antiparasitic hydrogen ionophore. Arch Int Physiol Biochim 87:851–852

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner ED, Peña Chavarria A (1974 a) In vivo effects of a new anthelmintic mebendazole (R17635) on the eggs of Trichuris trichiura and hookworm. Am J Trop Med Hyg 23:151–153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner ED, Peña Chavarria A (1974 b) Morphologically altered eggs of Trichuris trichiura following treatment with mebendazole. Am J Trop Med Hyg 23:154–157

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Werczberger A, Golhman J, Wertheim G, Gunders A, Chowers I (1979) Disseminated echinococcosis with repeated anaphylactic shock treated with mebendazole. Chest 76:482–484

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams JF, Colli Christina W (1970) Primary cystic infection with Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena inMeriones unguiculatus. J Parasitol 56:509–513

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson JF (1980) Alveolar hydatid disease: a review of clinical features of 33 indigenous cases ofEchinococcus multilocularis infection in Alaskan eskimos. Chemotherapy of larval echinococcosis: report of a workshop. Z Parasitenkd 67

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson JF, Rausch RL (1980) Alveolar hydatid disease - a review of clinical features of 33 indigenous cases of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in Alaskan eskimos. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29:1340–1355

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson JF, Diddams AC, Rausch RL (1968) Cystic hydatid disease in Alaska. Am Rev Respir Dis 98:l-15

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson JF, Davidson M, Rausch RL (1978) A clinical trial of mebendazole in the treatment of alveolar hydatid disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 118:747–757

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhongxi Q, Shuiyuan G, Guoxue T, Ruilin L, Mingbai W, Jun Q, Kurban (1980) Immediate and long-term results of surgical treatment of intrathoracic hydatid cysts. Chin Med J 93:569–572

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kammerer, W.S. (1985). Chemotherapy of Tapeworm Infections in Man. In: Bossche, H.V., Thienpont, D., Janssens, P.G. (eds) Chemotherapy of Gastrointestinal Helminths. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 77. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69527-8_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69527-8_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-69529-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-69527-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics