Abstract
The alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring organic compounds containing nitrogen. Their name, meaning “alkali-like,” was given them because most of them are basic in nature and form salts with acids. Basicity is a common characteristic of organic nitrogen compounds, which can be regarded as derived from ammonia by the substitution of organic radicals for hydrogen. The simple amines are considered a class apart from the alkaloids, although with increasing complexity of structure the dividing line between amine and alkaloid tends to become indistinct. According to one definition, alkaloids contain nitrogen in heterocyclic rings while the nitrogen of amines is aliphatic. Compounds such as colchicine and mescaline would be excluded from the alkaloids by such a definition, but the exclusion seems inadvisable on the basis of historical usage. Introduction of the term “protoalkaloid” for a group of borderline compounds leaves very few compounds unclassified. A few otherwise impeccable alkaloids, such as rutaecarpine and ricinine, that have electron-withdrawing functional groups either adjacent to or conjugated with their nitrogen atoms, do not show the characteristic of basicity.
Glory to God for dappled things—
All things counter, original, spare, strange; Whatever is fickle, freckled (who knows how?) With swift, slow; sweet, sour; adazzle, dim; He fathers forth whose beauty is past change: Praise Him.
Pied Beauty, Gerard Manley Hopkins
Reproduced by kind permission of Oxford University Press from the “Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins.”
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Akasu, M., Itokawa, H., Fujita, M.: Phytochemistry 15, 471–473 (1976)
Albuquerque, E.X., Daly, J.W., Witkop, B.: Science 172, 995–1002 (1971)
Barz, W., Reinhard, E., Zenk, M.H. (eds.): Plant Tissue Culture and its Biotechnological Application. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer, 1977
Brandt, K., Euler, H., Hellstrom, H., Lofgren, N.,: Z. Physiol. Chem. 235, 37–42 (1935)
Carlé, J.S., Christopherson, C.: J. Org. Chem. 45, 1586–1589 (1980)
Constabel, F., Gamborg, O.L., Kurz, W.G.W., Steck, W.: Planta Med. 25, 158–165 (1974)
Cranmer, M.F., Mabry, T J.: Phytochemistry 5, 1133–1138 (1966)
Dalton, D.R.: The Alkaloids. New York: Dekker, 1979
Evenari, M.: Bot. Rev. 15, 153–194 (1949)
Ezdakova, L.A., Demidenko, G.F., Khamrakulova, N.K.: Biol. Nauki 1, 81–87 (1971) [Chem. Abstr. 74, 95684r]
Gassic, O., Petrovic, M., Canak, N.: Planta Med. 33, 276 (1978)
Glasby, J.S.: Encyclopedia of the Alkaloids, 3 Vols. New York: Plenum Press, 1975–1977
Grove, M.D., Spencer, G.F., Wakeman, M.V., Tookey, H.L.: J. Agric. Food Chem. 24, 896–897 (1976)
Hudson, B J.F.: Qual. Plant. 29, 245–251 (1979)
Ikuta, A., Syono, K., Furuya, T.: Phytochemistry 13, 2175–2179 (1974)
Jadhav, SJ., Salunkhe, D.K.: Adv. Food Res. 21, 308–354 (1976)
James, W.O.: In Ref. 28, Manske et al., Vol. 1, pp. 15–90
Kamienska-Zyla, M.: Zesz. Probi. Postepow Nauk Roln., No. 133, 13–22 (1972) [Chem. Abstr. 79, 494–94 (1973)]
Kern, W.R., Scott, K.N., Duncan, J.H.: Experientia 32, 684–686 (1976)
Koblitz, H., Schumann, U., Böhm, H., Franke, J.: Experientia 31, 768–769 (1975)
Lazur’evskii, G.V., Terent’eva, I.V.: Chem. Nat. Compds. 10, 342–349 (1974)
Levin, D.A.: Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 7, 121–159 (1976)
Levin, D.A.: Am. Natur. 110, 261–284 (1976)
Levin, D.A., York, B.M., Jr.: Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 6, 61–76 (1978)
Levinson, H.Z.: Experientia 32, 408–413 (1976)
Lovkova, M.Y., Ilyin, G.S., Györffy, B., Minozhedinova, N.S.: Izvest. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Ser. Biol. 576–581 (1973)
Maciejewska-Potapczykowa, W., Nowacki, E.: Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 28, 83–93 (1959)
Manske, R.H.F., et al. (eds.): The Alkaloids, 17 Vols. New York: Academic Press, 1951–1979
Massingill, J.L., Hodgkins, J.E.: Phytochemistry 6, 977–982 (1967)
Matile, P., Jans, R., Rickenbacher, R.: Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz. 161, 447–458 (1970)
Maysurian, N.A.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk. Armyan S.S.R. 22, 91–95 (1956) [Chem. Abstr. 50, 108–63]
McCoy, J.W.: Am. Natur. 112, 1126–1133 (1978)
McKey, D.: Am. Natur. 108, 305–320 (1974)
McNair, J.B.: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 62, 219–226 (1935)
Mothes, K.: In Ref. 28, Manske et al., Vol. 6, pp. 1–29
Mothes, K.: Naturwissenschaften 52, 571–585 (1965)
Mothes, K.: Experientia 25, 225–239 (1969)
Mothes, K., Richter, I., Stolle, K., Gröger, D.: Naturwissenschaften 52, 431 (1965)
Murav’eva, D.A., Figurkin, B.A.: Biol. Nauki 15, 87–89 (1972)
Nessler, C.L., Mahlberg, P.G.: Am. J. Bot. 64, 541–551 (1977)
Neumann, D., Müller, E.: Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz 163, 375–391 (1972)
Neumann, D., Müller, E.: Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz. 165, 271–282 (1974)
Nowacki, E.K., Waller, G.R.: Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 69, 228–241 (1973)
Nyman, U., Hall, O.: Hereditas 76, 49–54 (1974)
Overland, L.: Am. J. Bot. 53, 423–432 (1966)
Panvisavas, R., Worthen, L.R., Bohm, B.A.: Lloydia 31, 63–69 (1968)
Pelletier, S.W. (ed.): Chemistry of the Alkaloids. New York: Van NostrandReinhold, 1970
Raffauf, R.F.: A Handbook of Alkaloids and Alkaloid-Containing Plants. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1970
Ramshorn, K.: Flora 142, 601–618 (1955) [Chem. Abstr. 52,14759]
Ripperger, H.: Phytochemistry 17, 1069–1070 (1978)
Robinson, T.: Science 184, 430–435 (1974)
Robinson, T.: In Herbivores: Their Interaction with Secondary Plant Metabolism, G. Rosenthal, D.H. Janzen (eds.). New York: Academic Press, 1979, pp. 413–448
Rosenberg, H., Maheshwari, V., Stohs, S J.: Planta Med. 30, 146–150 (1976)
Rowson, J.M.: J. Pharm. Belg. 5–6, 195–221 (1954)
Sander, H.: Planta 52, 447–466 (1958)
Schildknecht, H.: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 15, 214–222 (1976)
Scott, W.E., Ma, R.M., Schaffer, P.S., Fontaine, T.D.: J. Am. Pharm. Assoc., Sci. Ed. 46, 302–304 (1957)
Steck, W., Constabel, F.: Lloydia 37, 185–191 (1974)
Suire, C.: Rev. Bryol. Lichenol. 41, 105–256 (1975)
Tétéyi, P.: Infraspecific Chemical Taxa of Medicinal Plants. New York: Chemical Publ. Co., 1970
Todeuz, B., Kantoch, M., Rzadkowska, H.: Diss. Pharm. 9, 273–286 (1957) [Biol. Abstr. 35, 16697 (1960)]
Tso, T.C., Kasperbauer, M.J., Sorokin, T.P.: Plant Physiol. 45, 330–333 (1970)
Tursch, B., Braekman, J.D., Daloze, D.: Experientia 32, 401–407 (1976)
Verpoorte, R., Kode, E.W., Doorne, H. van, Svendsen, A.B.: Planta Med. 33, 237–242 (1978)
Verzâr-Petri, G.: Pharmazie 28, 603–609 (1973)
Verzâr-Petri, G., Csedö, K., Möllmann, H., Szendrei, K., Reisch, J.: Planta Med. 29, 370–375 (1976)
Waller, G.R., Nowacki, E.K.: Alkaloid Biology and Metabolism in Plants. New York: Plenum Press 1978
Weeks, W.W., Bush, L.P.: Plant Physiol., 53, 73–75 (1974)
Willaman, JJ., Li, H.L.: Econ. Bot. 17, 180–185 (1963)
Willaman, JJ., Li, H.L.: Lloydia 33, No. 3A (1970)
Willaman, JJ., Schubert, B.G.: Alkaloid-Bearing Plants and Their Contained Alkaloids. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, No. 1234, Supt. of Documents, 1961
Witkop, B.: Experientia 27, 1121–1138 (1971)
Yasumatsu, N.: Agric. Biol. Chem. 31, 1441–1447 (1967)
Yoder, L.R., Mahlberg, P.G.: Am. J. Bot. 63, 1167–1173 (1976)
Ziyaev, R., Abdusamatov, A., Yunusov, S.Y.: Chem. Nat. Compds. 11, 478–481 (1975)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Robinson, T. (1981). Introduction. In: The Biochemistry of Alkaloids. Molecular Biology Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol 3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61830-7_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61830-7_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-61832-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-61830-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive