Zusammenfassung
Seit Ende der 70er Jahre drei unabhängige Gruppen übereinstimmend eine dramatische Reduktion der Cholinazetyltransferase-Aktivität (CAT) im Hirngewebe der Patienten mit Alzheimer Krankheit beschrieben (Bowen et al. , 1976; Perry et al. , 1977; Davies und Malaney 1976), wurde die „cholinerge Hypothese“ der kognitiven Defizite bei der Alzheimer Krankheit immer weiter untermauert und erweitert (Whitehouse et al. , 1982; Weinstock, 1995). Post-mortem ist die CAT um bis zu 90% der Kontrollwerte verringert (Gsell et al. , 1993). Im Liquor cerebrospinalis findet sich eine Minderung des Gehaltes an Azetylcholin (Ach) (Frölich et al. , 1998; Toghi et al. , 1996). Das Ausmaß der cholinergen Defizite im Gehirn korreliert gut mit dem Schweregrad der Demenz und mit dem Ausmaß der Ablagerung von Amyloidplaques und neurofibrillären Bündeln (Perry et al. , 1985; Wilcock et al. , 1990; Bierer et al. , 1995). Die relative Spezifität der cholinergen Neurotransmitterdegeneration ist ein Beleg dafür, daß es wahrscheinlich zunächst zu einer Funktionsstörung im Metabolismus des präsynaptischen Neurons kommt, ehe dann - möglicherweise als Folge dieser Funktionsstörung - eine synaptische Degeneration eintritt. Ob ein Defizit in bestimmten neurotrophen Faktoren (z. B. NGF) Ursache der Funktionsstörung spezifischer Neurotransmitter-synthetisierender Neurone darstellt, ist bisher nicht ausreichend belegt. Für die pathogenetische Relevanz der Neurotransmitter-Hypothese spricht, daß eine Störung in der cholinergen Neurotransmission vermutlich zur Amyloidablagerung beitragen kann (Nitsch et al. , 1992). Ebenso ergeben sich Verbindungen zur Glukose-Stoffwechsel-Hypothese über die Energieabhängigkeit der Neurotransmission und die spezielle Präkursorfunktion der Glukose für den Neurotransmitter Azetylcholin (Gibson et al. , 1978; Hoyer, 1993) sowie zu neurotrophen Wirkungen über eine gesteigerte Genexpression durch cholinerge Neurotransmitteraktivierung (van der Kammer et al. , 1998).
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Frölich, L., Hampel, H., Gorriz, C., Schramm, U. (1999). Cholinerge Behandlungsstrategien. In: Förstl, H., Bickel, H., Kurz, A. (eds) Alzheimer Demenz. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60228-3_11
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