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Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

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Springer Handbook of Nanomaterials

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Abstract

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are hollow, long cylinders with extremely large aspect ratios, made of one atomic sheet of carbon atoms in a honeycomb lattice. They possess extraordinary thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties and are considered as one of the most promising nanomaterials for applications and basic research. This chapter describes the structural, electronic, vibrational, optical, transport, mechanical, and thermal properties of these unusual one-dimensional (1-D) nanomaterials. The crystallographic (Sect. 4.2.1), electronic (Sect. 4.2.2), vibrational (Sect. 4.2.3), optical (Sect. 4.4), transport (Sect. 4.5), thermal (Sect. 4.6.1), and mechanical (Sect. 4.6.2) properties of these unusual 1-D nanomaterials will be outlined. In addition, we will provide an overview of the various methods developed for synthesizing SWCNTs in Sect. 4.3.

Even after more than two decades of extensive basic studies since their discovery, carbon nanotubes continue to surprise researchers with potential new applications and interesting discoveries of novel phenomena and properties. Because of an enormous thrust towards finding practical applications, carbon nanotube research is actively being pursued in diverse areas including energy storage, molecular electronics, nanomechanical devices, composites, and chemical and bio-sensing.

Structurally, carbon nanotubes are made up of sp2-bonded carbon atoms, like graphite, and can be conceptually viewed as rolled-up sheets of single-layer graphite, or graphene. Their diameter typically lies in the nanometer range while their length often exceeds microns, sometimes centimeters, thus making them 1-D nanostructures. Depending on the number of tubes that are arranged concentrically, carbon nanotubes are further classified into single-walled and multi- walled nanotubes. Single-walled carbon nanotubes, the subject of this chapter, are especially interesting. They are ideal materials in which to explore one-dimensional physics and strong Coulomb correlations. In addition, their cylindrical topology allows them to exhibit nonintuitive quantum phenomena when placed in a parallel magnetic field, due to the Aharonov–Bohm effect. A number of research groups have found exotic many-body effects through a variety of transport, optical, magnetic, and photoemission experiments.

Their electronic properties are very sensitive to their microscopic atomic arrangements and symmetry, covering a wide spectrum of energy scales. They can be either metallic or semiconducting with varying band gaps, depending on their diameter and chirality. Semiconducting nanotubes are particularly promising for photonic device applications with their diameter-dependent, direct band gaps, while metallic tubes are considered to be ideal candidates for a variety of electronic applications such as nanocircuit components and power transmission cables.

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Abbreviations

1-D:

one-dimensional

2-D:

two-dimensional

3-D:

three-dimensional

AC:

alternating current

AD:

arc discharge

AFM:

atomic force microscopy

Ab:

antibody

CNT:

carbon nanotube

CO:

cuboctahedron

CP:

coherent phonon

CVD:

chemical vapor deposition

DC:

direct current

DOS:

density of states

FFT:

fast Fourier transform

FIT:

fluctuation-induced tunneling

GTBMD:

generalized tight-binding molecular dynamics

HRTEM:

high-resolution transmission electron microscopy

IR:

infrared

LA:

longitudinal acoustic

MD:

molecular dynamics

MWCNT:

multiwalled carbon nanotube

MWNT:

multiwalled nanotubes

PL:

photoluminescence

PLE:

photoluminescence excitation

RBM:

radial breathing mode

RRS:

resonant Raman scattering

S–W:

Stone–Wales

SDS:

sodium dodecyl sulfate

SEM:

scanning electron microscopy

SWCNT:

single-walled carbon nanotube

SWNT:

single-walled nanotube

TA:

transverse acoustic

TEM:

transmission electron microscopy

UV:

ultraviolet

VHS:

van Hove singularity

VLS:

vapor–solid–liquid

VRH:

variable range hopping

VSS:

vapor–solid–solid

Van:

vancomycin

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Electrical and Computer Engineering & Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, 77098, Houston, TX, USA

    Sebastien Nanot

  2. Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rice University, 6100 Main Str., 77005, Houston, TX, USA

    Nicholas A. Thompson

  3. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Str., 77005, Houston, TX, USA

    Ji-Hee Kim

  4. Department of Electrica and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Str., 77005, Houston, TX, USA

    Xuan Wang

  5. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 87545, Los Alamos, NM, USA

    William D. Rice

  6. Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Str., 77005, Houston, TX, USA

    Erik H. Hároz

  7. Intel Corporation, 5200 NE Elam Young Parkway, 97124, Hillsboro, OR, USA

    Yogeeswaran Ganesan

  8. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, 37215, Nashville, TN, USA

    Cary L. Pint

  9. Electrical and Computer Engineering & Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, 6100 Main Str., 77005, Houston, TX, USA

    Junichiro Kono

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Correspondence to Sebastien Nanot , Nicholas A. Thompson , Ji-Hee Kim , Xuan Wang , William D. Rice , Erik H. Hároz , Yogeeswaran Ganesan , Cary L. Pint or Junichiro Kono .

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    Robert Vajtai

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Nanot, S. et al. (2013). Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. In: Vajtai, R. (eds) Springer Handbook of Nanomaterials. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20595-8_4

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