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Functional Electrical Stimulation in Rehabilitation and Neurorehabilitation

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Springer Handbook of Medical Technology

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Abstract

Individuals with spinal cord injury and stroke may be unable to voluntarily move different body parts and perform functional movements. However, as long as the nerves innervating the muscles and the joints are intact, electrical stimulation can be used to generate joint movements by contracting muscles that actuate the joint. The electrical stimulation used forthis purpose is called neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). An organized and patterned NMES that aims to generate coordinated limb or body movements instead of isolated muscle contractions is called functional electrical stimulation (FES). The FES technology is not only used as a prosthetic device, as a permanently used assistive technology, but has also recently been used as a therapeutic tool. This chapter summarizes the basics of electrical stimulation, discusses various prosthetic applications including walking, standing, reaching/grasping, bladder voiding, respiration and hearing, and describes therapeutic applications. The dramatic progress made taking advantages of recent technologies such as miniaturization of electronic components, new sensory systems, new delivery methods for electrical stimulation is introduced.

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Authors
  1. Kei Masani
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  2. Milos R. Popovic
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Titisee, Germany

    Rüdiger Kramme

  2. Medical Engineering and Neuroprosthetics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, St. Ingbert, Germany

    Klaus-Peter Hoffmann

  3. Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA

    Robert S. Pozos

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Masani, K., Popovic, M.R. (2011). Functional Electrical Stimulation in Rehabilitation and Neurorehabilitation. In: Kramme, R., Hoffmann, KP., Pozos, R.S. (eds) Springer Handbook of Medical Technology. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74658-4_44

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