Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Particle Emission from Outdoor and Indoor Sources

  • Chapter
Airborne Particulate Matter

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC4,volume 4 / 4D))

Summary

Aerosols, by their nature, are somewhat unstable in the sense that concentration and particle properties change with time. The sources of aerosols may be either natural or anthropogenic. However any source may be described as either primary (particles emitted directly into the atmosphere) or secondary (formed by chemical reactions of gaseous components). With industrialisation and urbanisation increasing, man emits substantial quantities of particulate material although, globally, natural contributions far exceed emissions from man’s activities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Whytlaw-Gray R, Speakman JB, Campbell JHP (1923) Smokes: part I — A study of their behaviour and a method of determining the number of particles they contain. Proc Roy Soc 102: 600–615

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Schmauss A (1920) The chemistry of fog, cloud and rain. Umschau 24: 61–63

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Willeke K, Baron PA (1993) Aerosol measurement: principles, techniques and applications. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York

    Google Scholar 

  4. Clarke AG, Willison MJ, Zek EM (1984) A comparison of urban and rural aerosol composition using dichotomous samplers. Atmos Environ 18: 1767–1775

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Carlson TN, Caverly RS (1977) Radiative characteristics of Saharan dust at solar wavelengths. J Geophys Res 82: 3141–3152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Fouquart Y, Bonnel BM, Caoui Roquai M, Santer R (1987) Observations of Saharan aerosols: results of the ECLATS field experiment. J Clim Appl Met 26: 28–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Levin ZL, Joseph JH, Mekler Y (1980) Properties of Sharav (Khamsin) dust — comparison of optical and direct sampling data. J Atmos Sci 37: 882–891

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Ackerman SA, Cox SK (1982) The Saudi Arabian heat low: aerosol distribution and thermodynamic structure. J Geophys Res 97: 8991–9002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. DeLuisi JJ, Furakava PM, Gillette DP, Schuster BG (1976) Results of a comprehensive atmospheric aerosol-radiation experiment in the southwestern United States. J Appl Met 15: 441–470

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Brazel AJ (1989) Dust climate in the American Southwest. In palaeoclimatology and palaeome-teorology: modern and past patterns of Global atmospheric transport, Leinen M and Sarntheim M (eds), Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  11. Golitsyn G, Gillette DA (1993) Introduction: A joint Soviet-American experiment for the study of Asian desert dust and its impact on local meteorological conditions and climate. Atmos Environ 27A: 2467–2470

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Gillette DA, Adams J, Muhs D, Kihl R (1982) Threshold friction velocities required and rupture moduli for crushed desert soils for input of soil particles into air. J Geophys Res 87: 9003–9015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Lerman A (1979) Geochemical processes: water and sediment environments. John Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  14. d’Almeida GA, Schutz L (1983) Number, mass and volume distribution of mineral aerosol and soils of the Sahara. J Clim Appl Meteor 22: 233–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Prospera JM, Glaccum RA, Nees RT (1981) Atmospheric transport of soil dust from Africa to South America. Nature 289: 570–572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Parungo F, Bodhaine BA, Bortniak J (1981) Seasonal variation in Antarctic aerosol. J Aerosol Sci 17: 491–504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Andronova AV, Gomess L, Smirnov W, Ivanov AV, Shukorova LM (1993) Physico-chemical characteristics of dust aerosols deposited during the Soviet-American experiment (Tadzhikistan, 1989). Atmos Environ 27A: 2487–2493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Schutz L, Sebert M (1978) Mineral aerosols and source identification. J Aerosol Sci 18: 1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Schutz L, Jaenicke R (1974) Particle number and mass distribution above 10-4 cm radius in sand and aerosol of the Sahara desert. J Appl Meteor 13: 863–870

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Patterson EM, Gillette DA (1977) Commonalities in measured size distributions for aerosols having a soil-derived component. J Geophys Res 82: 2074–2082

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. d’Almeida GA (1989) Desert aerosol: characteristics and effects on climate. In palaeoclimatology and palaeometeorology: modern and past patterns of Global atmospheric transport. Leinen M and Sarntheim M (eds), Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Blanchard DC, Woodcock AE (1980) The production, concentration and vertical distribution of the sea salt aerosol. Ann NY Acad Sci 338: 330–347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Millman PM (1979) Interplanetary dust. Naturwissenschaften 66: 134–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Hidy GM (1984) Aerosols: an industrial and environmental science. Academic Press, Orlando

    Google Scholar 

  25. Knollenberg RG, Huffman D (1983) Measurements of aerosol size distribution in E1 Chichon cloud. Geophys Res Letters 10: 1025–1028

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Oberbeck VR, Danielsen EF, Snetsinger KG, Ferry GV (1983) Effects of the eruption of El Chichon on stratospheric aerosol size and composition. Geophys Res Letters 10: 1021–1024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Graedel TE (1979) Turpenoids in the atmosphere. Rev Geophys Space Phys 17: 937–947

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Simoneit BRT, Mazurek MA (1981) Air pollution: the organic constituents. Crit Rev Envir Control 11: 219–276

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. United States Environmental Protection Agency (1991) National air pollutant emission estimates, 1940–1989. EPA/450/4–91/004. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park

    Google Scholar 

  30. Cowherd C (1993) Fugitive dust emissions. In aerosol measurement: principles, techniques and applications. Willeke K, Baron PA (eds), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York

    Google Scholar 

  31. Kinsey JS, Cowherd C (1992) Fugitive emissions. In air pollution engineering manual Bounicore AJ, Davis WT (eds), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York

    Google Scholar 

  32. QUARG (1993) Diesel vehicle emissions and urban air quality. Second report of the quality of urban air review group, Department of the Environment

    Google Scholar 

  33. Berlyand ME (1990) Emissions of harmful substances. Annual report on the state of air pollution and anthropogenic emissions in cities and industrial centres of the Soviet Union. State Comm on Hydrometeorol, Leningrad

    Google Scholar 

  34. Langner J, Rodhe H (1991) A global three-dimensional model of the tropospheric sulphur cycle. J Atmos Chem 13: 255–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Graedel TE, Bates TS, Bouwman AF, Cunnold D, Dignon J, Fung I, Jacob DJ, Lamb BK, Logan JA, Marland G, Middleton P, Pacyna JM, Placet M, Veldt C (1993) A compilation of inventories of emissions to the atmosphere. Global Biogeochem Cycles 7: 1–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Faust BC (1994) Photochemistry of clouds, fogs and aerosols. Environ Sci Technol 28: 217A– 221A

    Google Scholar 

  37. Pandis SN, Seinfeld JH (1989) Sensitivity analysis of chemical mechanisms for aqueous-phase atmospheric chemistry. J Geophys Res 94: 1105–1126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Martin LR (1994) Aqueous sulfur (IV) oxidation revisited. In Environmental Oxidants, Nriagu JO, Simmons MS (eds), John Wiley and Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  39. Allen AG, Harrison RM, Erisman JW (1989) Field measurements of the dissociation of ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride aerosols. Atmos Environ 23: 1591–1599

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Nevalainen A, Willeke K, Liebhaber F, Pastuszka J, Burge H, Henningson E (1993) Bioaerosol sampling. In aerosol measurement: principles, techniques and applications. Willeke K and Baron PA (eds), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York

    Google Scholar 

  41. Hamilton ED (1959) Studies on the air spora. Acta allergologica 13: 143–175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Bhati HS, Gaur RD (1979) Studies on aerobiology — atmospheric fungal spores. New Phytologist 82: 519–527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Larsen LS (1981) A three-year survey of micro fungi in the outdoor air of Copenhagen 1977–79. Grana 20: 197–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Beaumont F, Kauffman HF, deMonchy JGR, Sluiter HJ and deVries K (1985) Volumetric aerobiological survey of conidial fungi in the north-east Netherlands. Allergy 40: 181–186

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Burge HA (1986) Some comments on the aerobiology of fungus spores. Grana 25: 143–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Pasanen AL, Kalliokoski P (1991) Airborne fungal spores in different home environments. In quality of the indoor environment. Lester JN, Perry R and Reynolds GL (eds), Selper Publications, London

    Google Scholar 

  47. Fradkin A, Tobin RS, Tarlo SM, Tucuuc-Porretta M, Malloch D (1987) Species identification of airborne moulds and its significance for the detection of indoor pollution. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 35: 51–53

    Google Scholar 

  48. Verhoeff AP, van Wijnen JH, Brunekreef B, Fischer P, van Reenen-Hoekstra ES, Samson RA (1992) The presence of viable mould propagules in indoor air in relation to home dampness and outdoor air. Allergy 47: 83–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Hirsch SR, Sosman JA (1976) A one-year survey of mould growth inside twelve homes. Ann Allergy 36: 30–38

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Lumpkins ED, Corbit SL, Tiedeman GM (1973) Airborne fungi survey 1. Culture-plate survey of the home environment. Ann Allergy 31: 361–370

    Google Scholar 

  51. Deak T (1991) Foodborne yeasts. Adv Appl Microbiol 36: 179–278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Mullins J, Harvey R, Seaton A (1976) Sources and incidence of airborne Aspergillus fumigatus (Fres.). Clin Allergy 6: 209–217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Staib F, Tompak B, Thiel D, Blisse A (1978) Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger in two potted ornamental plants, cactus (Epiphyllum truncutum) and clivia (Clivia miniata). Biological and epidemiological aspects. Mycopathologia 66: 27–30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Green AR (1979) An updated assessment of the critical environmental factors involved in the prevention of allergic disease. Ann Allergy 42: 372–383

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Burge HA, Solomon WR, Muilenberg ML (1980). Aeroallergen exposure risks imposed by indoor plant growth. J Allergy Clin Immunol 65: 210

    Google Scholar 

  56. Miller JD, Laflame AM, Sobol Y, Lafontaine P, Greenhalgh R (1988) Fungi and fungal products in some Canadian houses. Int. Biodeterioration 24: 103–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Swaelby MA, Christensen CM (1952) Molds in house dust, furniture stuffing and in the air within house. J Allergy 23: 370–374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Schaffer N, Seidmon EE, Brunskin S (1953) The clinical evaluation of airborne and house dust fungi in New Jersey. J Allergy 24: 348–354

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hyde HA (1973) Atmospheric pollen grains and spores in relation to allergy II. Clin Allergy 3: 109–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Gravesen S (1978) Identification and prevalence of culturable mesophilic microfungi in house dust from 100 Danish houses. Allergy 33: 268–272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Calvo A, Drendo A, Castello R (1982) Fungal spores in house dust. Ann Allergy 49: 213–219

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Solomon WR (1976) A volumetric study of winter fungus prevalence in the air of midwestern homes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 57: 46–55

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Lowenstein H, Gravesen S, Larsen L, Lind P, Schwartz B (1986) Indoor allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 78: 1035–1039

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Luczynska CM, Li Y, Chapman MD, Platts-Mills TAE (1990) Airborne concentrations and particle size distribution of allergen derived from domestic cats (Felis domesticus). Measurements using cascade impactor, liquid impinger and a two-site monoclonal antibody assay for FEL-d-1. Am Rev Respir Dis 141: 361–367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Yocom JE (1982), Indoor-outdoor air quality relationships. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 32: 500–520

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Koutrakis P, Briggs SLK, Leaderer BP (1992) Source apportionment of indoor aerosols in Suffolk and Onondaga Countries, New York. Environ Sci Technol 26: 521–527

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. United States Environmental Protection Agency (1987) Compendium of methods for the determination of air pollutants in indoor air. EPA/600/8–87/014. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park

    Google Scholar 

  68. Katzenstein AW (1992) Environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer risk: epidemiology in relation to confounding factors. Environ Int 18: 341–345

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. US Department of Health and Human Services (1989) Reducing the health consequences of smoking: 25 years of progress. A report to the surgeon general. DHHS Publication (CDC) 89–8411, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  70. Lebowitz MD, Holberg CJ, O’Rourk MK, Corman G, Dodge R (1983) Gas Store usage, CO, TSP and respiratory effects. Proceedings 76th Annual Meeting, APCA, paper No. 83–91

    Google Scholar 

  71. National Research Council (1981) Indoor pollutants, National Academy Press, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  72. McCrillis RC, Jaasma DR (1993) Woodstove emission measurement methods: comparison and emission factors update. Environ Monitor Assess 24: 1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Penner JE, Ghan SJ, Walton JJ, Dignon J(1990) The global budget and cycle of carbonaceous soot aerosols. Paper presented at 7th International Symposium of Comm on Atmos Chem and Global Pollution Chamrousse, France

    Google Scholar 

  74. Penner JE, Eddleman H, Novakov T (1993) Towards the development of a global inventory for black carbon emissions. Atmos Environ 27A: 1277–1295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Cass GR, Boone PM, Macias ES(1982) In particulate carbon: atmospheric life cycle. Wolff GT, Klimisch RL (eds) Plenum Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  76. Hildemann LM, Markowski GR, Cass GR (1991) Chemical composition of emissions from urban sources of fine organic aerosol. Environ Sci Technol 25: 744–759

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Rogge WF, Hildemann LM, Mazurek MA, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT (1991) Sources of fine organic aerosol. 1. Charbroilers and meat cooking operations. Environ Sci Technol 25: 1112–1125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Rogge WF, Hildemann LM, Mazurek MA, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT (1993) Sources of fine organic aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks. Environ Sci Technol 27: 636–651

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Rogge WF, Hildemann LM, Mazurek MA, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT (1993) Sources of fine organic aerosol. 3. Road dust, tire debris, and organometallic brake lining dust: roads as sources and sinks. Environ Sci Technol 27: 1892–1904

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Rogge WF, Hildemann LM, Mazurek MA, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT (1993) Sources of fine organic aerosol. 5. Natural gas home appliances. Environ Sci Technol 27: 2736–2744

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Rogge WF, Hildemann LM, Mazurek MA, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT (1993) Sources of fine organic aerosol. 4. Particulate abrasion products from leaf surfaces of urban plants. Environ Sci Technol 27: 2700–2711

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Rogge WF, Hildemann LM, Mazurek MA, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT (1994) Sources of fine organic aerosol. 6. Cigarette smoke in the urban atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 28: 1375 – 1388

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Hansen JE, Rossow W, Fung J(1990) The missing data on global climate change. Issues in science and technology, 62–69

    Google Scholar 

  84. SCEP (1970) Man’s impact on the global environment. Report on the study of critical environmental problems, MIT Press Cambridge, Mass

    Google Scholar 

  85. Cameron AGW (1981) Elementary and nuclidic abundances in the solar system. In essays in nuclear astrophysics, Barnes CA, Clayton DD, Schramm DN (eds), CUP, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  86. SMIC (1971) Inadvertent climate modification. Report on the study of man’s impact on climate. Mathews AW, Kellog WW, Robinson AD (eds), MIT Press Cambridge, Mass

    Google Scholar 

  87. Junge CE (1979) The importance of mineral dust as an atmospheric constituent. In Saharan dust, mobilization, transport and deposition. Morales C (ed), John Wiley and Sons, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  88. Peterson JT, Junge CE (1971) Sources of particulate matter in the atmosphere. In man’s impact on climate. Matthews AW, Kellog WW, Robinson AD (eds), MIT Press Cambridge, Mass

    Google Scholar 

  89. d’Almeida GA (1986) A model for Saharan dust transport. J Clim Appl Meteor 25: 903–916

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Bach W (1976) Global air pollution and climatic change. Rev Geophys Space Phys 14: 429–474

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. d’Almeida GA, Koepke P, Shettle EP (1991) Atmospheric aerosols: global climatology and radiative characteristics. A Deepak Publishing, Hampton, Virginia

    Google Scholar 

  92. Andreae MO (1994) Climate effects of changing atmospheric aerosol levels. In world survey of climatology, Vol XX Future climate of the world. Henderson-Sellers A (ed)

    Google Scholar 

  93. Preining O (1992) Global climate change due to aerosols. In global atmospheric chemical change. Hewitt CN, Sturges WT (eds), Elsevier Applied Science, London

    Google Scholar 

  94. Jaenicke R (1988) Aerosol physics and chemistry. In Landolt-Bornstein, New series, Hellwege KE, Madelung O (eds), Springier, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  95. Hantel M (1989) Climate modeling. In Landolt-Bornstein, New series, Hellwege KE, Madelung O (eds), Springier, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  96. Bach W (1984) Our threatened climate. Ways of averting the CO2 problem through rational energy use, D. Reidel, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  97. Monin AS (1986) An introduction to the theory of climate, D. Reidel, Dordrecht

    Book  Google Scholar 

  98. Middleton NJ (1989) Climatic controls on the frequency, magnitude and dust storms: examples from India/Pakistan, Mauritania and Mongolia. In palaeoclimatology and palaeometeorology: modern and past patterns of global atmospheric transport, Leinen M, Sarntheim M (eds), Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  99. Gillette DA (1980) Major contributions of natural primary continental aerosols: source mechanisms. Ann NY Acad Sci 338: 348–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Cowherd C, Kinsey JS, Wallance DD, Grelinger MA, Cuscino TA, Neulicht RM (1986) Identification, assessment and control of fugitive particulate emissions. EPA/600/8–86/023

    Google Scholar 

  101. Hamilton RS, Mansfield TA (1991) Airborne particulate elemental carbon: its sources, transport and contribution to dark smoke and soiling. Atmos Environ 25A: 715–723

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Environmental Research, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK

    I. Colbeck

Authors
  1. I. Colbeck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 540 06, Thessaloniki, Greece

    T. Kouimtzis  & C. Samara  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Colbeck, I. (1995). Particle Emission from Outdoor and Indoor Sources. In: Kouimtzis, T., Samara, C. (eds) Airborne Particulate Matter. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 4 / 4D. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49145-3_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49145-3_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-14881-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-49145-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation