Skip to main content

The Relationship Between Tumors and the Lymphatics: Consequences for Metastasis

  • Chapter
Tumor Angiogenesis
  • 1811 Accesses

Abstract

Metastasis of tumor cells via the lymphatic vasculature is of major clinical relevance, and lymph node metastases are highly prognostically significant. Factors such as the structure of the lymphatic capillaries, tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis and the gene expression profiles expressed by the tumor cells all contribute to this process. Despite rapid progress in recent years, there is still much to be learned about the relationship between tumors and the lymphatics, particularly with regard to its significance in regulating metastatic spread to organs other than lymph nodes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Achen MG, Stacker SA (2006) Tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastatic spread — new players begin to emerge. Int J Cancer 119:1755–1760

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal B, Saxena R, Morimiya A, Mehrotra S, Badve S (2005) Lymphangiogenesis does not occur in breast cancer. Am J Surg Pathol 29:1449–1455

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Hajj M, Clarke MF (2004) Self-renewal and solid tumor stem cells. Oncogene 23:7274–7282

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alitalo K, Tammela T, Petrova TV (2005) Lymphangiogenesis in development and human disease. Nature 438:946–953

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baxter LT, Jain RK (1989) Transport of fluid and macromolecules in tumors. I. Role of interstitial pressure and convection. Microvasc Res 37:77–104

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beahrs O, Myers M (1983) Purposes and principles of staging. In: Beahrs O, Myers M (eds) Manual for staging of cancer. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 3–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Beasley NJ, Prevo R, Banerji S, Leek RD, Moore J, van Trappen P, Cox G, Harris AL, Jackson DG (2002) Intratumoral lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in head and neck cancer. Cancer Res 62:1315–1320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brabletz T, Jung A, Spaderna S, Hlubek F, Kirchner T (2005) Opinion: migrating cancer stem cells — an integrated concept of malignant tumour progression. Nat Rev Cancer 5:744–749

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler TP, Gullino PM (1975) Quantitation of cell shedding into efferent blood of mammary adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 35:512–516

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabanas RM (1977) An approach for the treatment of penile carcinoma. Cancer 39:456–466

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fidler IJ (2002) Critical determinants of metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 12:89–96

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fidler IJ, Kripke ML (1977) Metastasis results from preexisting variant cells within a malignant tumor. Science 197:893–895

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franchi A, Gallo O, Massi D, Baroni G, Santucci M (2004) Tumor lymphangiogenesis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a morphometric study with clinical correlations. Cancer 101:973–978

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gavert N, Conacci-Sorrell M, Gast D, Schneider A, Altevogt P, Brabletz T, Ben-Ze’ev A (2005) L1, a novel target of betacatenin signaling, transforms cells and is expressed at the invasive front of colon cancers. J Cell Biol 168:633–642

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gervasoni JE Jr, Taneja C, Chung MA, Cady B (2000) Axillary dissection in the context of the biology of lymph node metastases. Am J Surg 180:278–283

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • He Y, Kozaki K, Karpanen T, Koshikawa K, Yla-Herttuala S, Takahashi T, Alitalo K (2002) Suppression of tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis by blocking vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 signaling. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:819–825

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He Y, Rajantie I, Pajusola K, Jeltsch M, Holopainen T, YlaHerttuala S, Harding T, Jooss K, Takahashi T, Alitalo K (2005) Vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor 3-mediated activation of lymphatic endothelium is crucial for tumor cell entry and spread via lymphatic vessels. Cancer Res 65:4739–4746

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirakawa S, Brown LF, Kodama S, Paavonen K, Alitalo K, Detmar M (2007) VEGF-C-induced lymphangiogenesis in sentinel lymph nodes promotes tumor metastasis to distant sites. Blood 109:1010–1017

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain RK (1989) Delivery of novel therapeutic agents in tumors: physiological barriers and strategies. J Natl Cancer Inst 81:570–576

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaifi JT, Yekebas EF, Schurr P, Obonyo D, Wachowiak R, Busch P, Heinecke A, Pantel K, Izbicki JR (2005) Tumor-cell homing to lymph nodes and bone marrow and CXCR4 expression in esophageal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 97:1840–1847

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karpanen T, Egeblad M, Karkkainen MJ, Kubo H, Yla-Herttuala S, Jaattela M, Alitalo K (2001) Vascular endothelial growth factor C promotes tumor lymphangiogenesis and intralymphatic tumor growth. Cancer Res 61:1786–1790

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerjaschki D, Huttary N, Raab I, Regele H, Bojarski-Nagy K, Bartel G, Krober SM, Greinix H, Rosenmaier A, Karlhofer F, Wick N, Mazal PR (2006) Lymphatic endothelial progenitor cells contribute to de novo lymphangiogenesis in human renal transplants. Nat Med 12:230–234

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnan J, Kirkin V, Steffen A, Hegen M, Weih D, Tomarev S, Wilting J, Sleeman JP (2003) Differential in vivo and in vitro expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D in tumors and its relationship to lymphatic metastasis in immunocompetent rats. Cancer Res 63:713–722

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kyzas PA, Geleff S, Batistatou A, Agnantis NJ, Stefanou D (2005) Evidence for lymphangiogenesis and its prognostic implications in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Pathol 206:170–177

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leiter U, Meier F, Schittek B, Garbe C (2004) The natural course of cutaneous melanoma. J Surg Oncol 86:172–178

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leong SP, Cady B, Jablons DM, Garcia-Aguilar J, Reintgen D, Jakub J, Pendas S, Duhaime L, Cassell R, Gardner M, Giuliano R, Archie V, Calvin D, Mensha L, Shivers S, Cox C, Werner JA, Kitagawa Y, Kitajima M (2006) Clinical patterns of metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 25:221–232

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin J, Lalani AS, Harding TC, Gonzalez M, Wu WW, Luan B, Tu GH, Koprivnikar K, VanRoey MJ, He Y, Alitalo K, Jooss K (2005) Inhibition of lymphogenous metastasis using adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer of a soluble VEGFR-3 decoy receptor. Cancer Res 65:6901–6909

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandriota SJ, Jussila L, Jeltsch M, Compagni A, Baetens D, Prevo R, Banerji S, Huarte J, Montesano R, Jackson DG, Orci L, Alitalo K, Christofori G, Pepper MS (2001) Vascular endothelial growth factor-C-mediated lymphangiogenesis promotes tumour metastasis. EMBO J 20:672–682

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maruyama K, Ii M, Cursiefen C, Jackson DG, Keino H, Tomita M, Van Rooijen N, Takenaka H, D’Amore PA, Stein-Streilein J, Losordo DW, Streilein JW (2005) Inflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis in the cornea arises from CD11b-positive macrophages. J Clin Invest 115:2363–2372

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattila MM, Ruohola JK, Karpanen T, Jackson DG, Alitalo K, Harkonen PL (2002) VEGF-C induced lymphangiogenesis is associated with lymph node metastasis in orthotopic MCF-7 tumors. Int J Cancer 98:946–951

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maula SM, Luukkaa M, Grenman R, Jackson D, Jalkanen S, Ristamaki R (2003) Intratumoral lymphatics are essential for the metastatic spread and prognosis in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck region. Cancer Res 63:1920–1926

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McColl BK, Loughran SJ, Davydova N, Stacker SA, Achen MG (2005) Mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis: targets for blocking the metastatic spread of cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 5:561–571

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müller A, Homey B, Soto H, Ge N, Catron D, Buchanan ME, McClanahan T, Murphy E, Yuan W, Wagner SN, Barrera JL, Mohar A, Verastegui E, Zlotnik A (2001) Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis. Nature 410:50–56

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolson GL (1988) Organ specificity of tumor metastasis: role of preferential adhesion, invasion and growth of malignant cells at specific secondary sites. Cancer Metastasis Rev 7:143–188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Padera TP, Kadambi A, di Tomaso E, Carreira CM, Brown EB, Boucher Y, Choi NC, Mathisen D, Wain J, Mark EJ, Munn LL, Jain RK (2002) Lymphatic metastasis in the absence of functional intratumor lymphatics. Science 296:1883–1886

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pantel K, Müller V, Auer M, Nusser N, Harbeck N, Braun S (2003) Detection and clinical implications of early systemic tumor cell dissemination in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 9:6326–6334

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pierga JY, Bonneton C, Vincent-Salomon A, de Cremoux P, Nos C, Blin N, Pouillart P, Thiery JP, Magdelenat H (2004) Clinical significance of immunocytochemical detection of tumor cells using digital microscopy in peripheral blood and bone marrow of breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 10:1392–1400

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schledzewski K, Falkowski M, Moldenhauer G, Metharom P, Kzhyshkowska J, Ganss R, Demory A, Falkowska-Hansen B, Kurzen H, Ugurel S, Geginat G, Arnold B, Goerdt S (2006) Lymphatic endothelium-specific hyaluronan receptor LYVE-1 is expressed by stabilin-l+, F4/80+, CD11b+ macrophages in malignant tumours and wound healing tissue in vivo and in bone marrow cultures in vitro: implications for the assessment of lymphangiogenesis. J Pathol 209:67–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu K, Kubo H, Yamaguchi K, Kawashima K, Ueda Y, Matsuo K, Awane M, Shimahara Y, Takabayashi A, Yamaoka Y, Satoh S (2004) Suppression of VEGFR-3 signaling inhibits lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer. Cancer Sci 95:328–333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skobe M, Hamberg LM, Hawighorst T, Schirner M, Wolf GL, Alitalo K, Detmar M (2001) Concurrent induction of lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis, and macrophage recruitment by vascular endothelial growth factor-C in melanoma. Am J Pathol 159:893–903

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sleeman JP (2000) The lymph node as a bridgehead in the metastatic dissemination of tumors. Rec Res Cancer Res 157:55–81

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sleeman JP, Krishnan J, Kirkin V, Baumann P (2001) Markers for the lymphatic endothelium: in search of the holy grail? Microsc Res Tech 55:61–69

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stacker SA, Caesar C, Baldwin ME, Thornton GE, Williams RA, Prevo R, Jackson DG, Nishikawa S, Kubo H, Achen MG (2001) VEGF-D promotes the metastatic spread of tumor cells via the lymphatics. Nat Med 7:186–191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tammela T, Enholm B, Alitalo K, Paavonen K (2005) The biology of vascular endothelial growth factors. Cardiovasc Res 65:550–563

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarin D, Price JE, Kettlewell MG, Souter RG, Vass AC, Crossley B (1984) Mechanisms of human tumor metastasis studied in patients with peritoneovenous shunts. Cancer Res 44:3584–3592

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thiele W, Sleeman JP (2006) Tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis: a target for cancer therapy? J Biotechnol 124:224–241

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weigelt B, Peterse JL, van’t Veer LJ (2005) Breast cancer metastasis: markers and models. Nat Rev Cancer 5:591–602

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanai Y, Furuhata T, Kimura Y, Yamaguchi K, Yasoshima T, Mitaka T, Mochizuki Y, Hirata K (2001) Vascular endothelial growth factor C promotes human gastric carcinoma lymph node metastasis in mice. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 20:419–428

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sleeman, J.P. (2008). The Relationship Between Tumors and the Lymphatics: Consequences for Metastasis. In: Marmé, D., Fusenig, N. (eds) Tumor Angiogenesis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33177-3_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33177-3_19

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-33176-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-33177-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics