Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Leaf Photosynthesis of Upland and Lowland Crops Grown under Moisture-Rich Conditions

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Leaf: A Platform for Performing Photosynthesis

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 44))

Summary

Decreasing soil water potential decreases leaf water potential, causing stomatal closure to reduce water loss and restricting CO2 uptake. Water stress decreases photosynthesis under intense transpiration even with sufficient soil moisture. Root resistance to water transport (the reciprocal of hydraulic conductance) then controls leaf water potential and photosynthesis.

Stomatal closure occurs earlier in rice (Oryza sativa) than in other crop plants. This high sensitivity significantly decreases midday and afternoon photosynthesis even in irrigated fields. The reduction is particularly remarkable in varieties with low hydraulic conductance. Their maximum early-morning stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rates, when the vapor-pressure deficit is small, are small due to reduced leaf water potential. In contrast, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rates in varieties with high hydraulic conductance are higher in the morning and remain high at midday and in the afternoon. Varieties with high root surface area have high whole-plant hydraulic conductance. High root capacity to transport cytokinins to the shoot can keep leaf nitrogen content high and preserve high photosynthetic rates during senescence. Researchers have detected quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that increase hydraulic conductance and leaf nitrogen content by increasing root surface area. A near-isogenic line carrying such QTLs showed greater photosynthesis, and an introgression line with two QTLs for increased hydraulic conductance had higher stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rates than lines carrying only one QTL. This suggests that photosynthesis can be improved by marker-assisted selection for these QTLs.

Photosynthesis of upland crops is also affected by root system development, which depends on soil moisture. In Japan’s monsoon climate, summer crops in rainfed fields show decreased growth during the hotter, drier late summer. Since upland crops develop vigorous shoots with poorly developed roots during the rainy season, they suffer from water stress in late summer, even when soil moisture is available. In soybean (Glycine max), this greatly reduces midday photosynthesis and photosynthesis during reproductive growth (when leaf senescence occurs), thereby reducing yield. Winter crops also experience soil moisture fluctuations: mid-March to April is a wet period, approximately 1 month before flowering, when winter grain crops grow rapidly, significantly affecting root and shoot growth. In wheat (Triticum estivum), a wet spring can inhibit root growth before flowering, greatly reducing photosynthesis by advancing senescence during ripening, thereby reducing grain yield. Because roots absorb water and nitrogen and synthesize cytokinins, improving drainage will promote vigorous root growth and increase photosynthesis of upland crops.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

Ψleaf :

leaf water potential

Ψsoil :

soil water potential

A r :

root surface area

BF:

bulliform cell

C i :

intercellular CO2 concentration

Co-Z:

conjugated zeatin

E:

epidermis

DAP:

days after planting

e air :

vapor pressure in the atmosphere

e leaf :

vapor pressure in the leaf

F :

water flux through the SPAC

g m :

mesophyll conductance

iPA:

N6-isopentenyladenosine

LAI:

leaf area index

L p :

root hydraulic conductivity

L root :

whole-root hydraulic conductance

M:

mesophyll cell

NIL:

near-isogenic line

QTL:

quantitative trait locus

R leaf :

leaf resistance to water transport

R plant :

whole-plant resistance to water transport

R root :

root resistance to water transport

R stem :

stem resistance to water transport

Rubisco:

ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

RuBP:

ribulose 1,5-bisphospate

SPAC:

soil-plant-atmosphere continuum

tRZ:

trans-ribosylzeatin

tZ:

trans-zeatin

VB:

vascular bundle

References

  • Adachi S, Nito N, Kondo M, Yamamoto T, Arai-Sanoh Y, Ando T, (...), Hirasawa T (2011a) Identification of chromosomal regions controlling the leaf photosynthetic rate in rice by using a progeny from japonica and high-yielding indica varieties. Plant Prod Sci 14:118–127

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adachi S, Tsuru Y, Nito N, Murata K, Yamamoto T, Ebitani T, Ookawa T, Hirasawa T (2011b) Identification and characterization of genomic regions on chromosomes 4 and 8 that control the rate of photosynthesis in rice leaves. J Exp Bot 62:1927–1938

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adachi S, Nakae T, Uchida M, Soda K, Takai T, Oi T, (…), Hirasawa T (2013) The mesophyll anatomy enhancing CO2 diffusion is a key trait for improving rice photosynthesis. J Exp Bot 64: 1061–1072

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adachi S, Baptista ZL, Sueyoshi T, Murata K, Yamamoto T, Ebitani T, Ookawa T, Hirasawa T (2014) Introgression of two chromosome regions for leaf photosynthesis from an indica rice into the genetic background of a japonica rice. J Exp Bot 65:2049–2056

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ando T, Yamamoto T, Shimizu T, Ma XF, Takeuchi Y, Lin SY, Yano M (2008) Genetic dissection and pyramiding of quantitative traits for panicle architecture by using chromosomal segment substitution lines in rice. Theor Appl Genet 116:881–890

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asanuma S, Nito N, Ookawa T, Hirasawa T (2008) Yield, dry matter production and ecophysiological characteristics of rice cultivar, Habataki compared with cv. Sasanishiki. Jpn J Crop Sci 77:474–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black CR (1979) The relationship between transpiration rate, water potential, and resistance to water movement in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). J Exp Bot 30:245–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyer JS (1970) Differing sensitivity of photosynthesis to low leaf water potentials in corn and soybean. Plant Physiol 46:236–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyer JS (1971) Resistance to water transport in soybean, bean, and sunflower. Crop Sci 11:403–407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley TN (2005) The control of stomata by water balance. New Phytol 168:275–292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaves MM (1991) Effects of water deficits on carbon assimilation. J Exp Bot 42:1–6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christmann A, Weiler EW, Steudle E, Grill E (2007) A hydraulic signal in root-to-shoot signaling of water shortage. Plant J 52:167–174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christmann A, Grill E, Huang J (2013) Hydraulic signals in long-distance signaling. Curr Opin Plant Biol 16:293–300

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies WJ, Zhang J (1991) Root signals and the regulation of growth and development of plants in drying soil. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 42:55–76

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deans RM, Brodribb TJ, McAdam SAM (2017) An integrated hydraulic-hormonal model of conifer stomata predicts water stress dynamics. Plant Physiol 174:478–486

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebitani T, Takeuchi Y, Nonoue Y, Yamamoto T, Takeuchi K, Yano M (2005) Construction and evaluation of chromosome segment substitution lines carrying overlapping chromosome segments of indica rice cultivar Kasalath in a genetic background of japonica elite cultivar Koshihikari. Breed Sci 55:65–73

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans LT (ed) (1993) Crop evolution, adaptation and yield. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Farquhar GD, von Caemmerer S, Berry JA (1980) A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species. Planta 149:78–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He W, Adachi S, Sage RF, Ookawa T, Hirasawa T (2017) Leaf photosynthetic rate and mesophyll cell anatomy changes during ontogenesis in backcrossed indica × japonica rice inbred lines. Photosynth Res 134:27–38

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirasawa T (1999) Physiological characterization of the rice plant for tolerance of water deficit. Ito O, O’Toole J, Hardy B Genetic improvement of rice for water-limited environments, pp 89–98. IRRI, Los Banos

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirasawa T, Hsiao TH (1999) Some characteristics of reduced leaf photosynthesis at midday in maize growing in the field. Field Crops Res 62:53–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirasawa T, Ishihara K (1991) On resistance to water transport in crop plants for estimating water uptake ability under intense transpiration. Jpn J Crop Sci 60:174–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirasawa T, Iida Y, Ishihara K (1988) Effect of leaf water potential and air humidity on photosynthetic rate and diffusive conductance in rice plants. Jpn J Crop Sci 57:112–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirasawa T, Iida Y, Ishihara K (1989) Dominant factors in reduction of photosynthetic rate affected by air humidity and leaf water potential in rice plants. Jpn J Crop Sci 58:383–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirasawa T, Gotou T, Ishihara K (1992a) Relationship between resistance to water transport and exudation rate and the effect of the resistance on the midday depression of stomatal aperture in rice plants. Jpn J Crop Sci 61:153–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirasawa T, Tsuchida M, Ishihara K (1992b) Relationship between resistance to water transport and exudation rate and the effect of the resistance on the midday depression of stomatal aperture in rice plants. Jpn J Crop Sci 61:145–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirasawa T, Tanaka K, Miyamoto D, Takei M, Ishihara K (1994) Effects of pre-flowering soil moisture deficits on dry matter production and ecophysiological characteristics in soybean plants under drought conditions during grain filling. Jpn J Crop Sci 63:721–730

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirasawa T, Nakahara M, Izumi T, Iwamoto Y, Ishihara K (1998) Effects of pre-flowering soil moisture deficits on dry matter production and ecophysiological characteristics in soybean plants under well irrigated conditions during grain filling. Plant Prod Sci 1:8–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsiao TC (1973) Plant responses to water stress. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 24:519–570

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsiao TC, Xu L-K (2000) Sensitivity of growth of roots versus leaves to water stress: biophysical analysis and relation to water transport. J Exp Bot 51:1595–1616

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard RM, Bond BJ, Ryan MG (1999) Evidence that hydraulic conductance limits photosynthesis in old Pinus ponderosa trees. Tree Physiol 19:165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard RM, Ryan MG, Stiller V, Sperry JS (2001) Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis vary linearly with plant hydraulic conductance in ponderosa pine. Plant Cell Environ 24:113–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huck MG, Ishihara K, Peterson CM, Ushijima T (1983) Soybean adaptation to water stress at selected stages of growth. Plant Physiol 73:422–427

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hummel I, Pantin F, Sulpice R, Piques M, Rolland G, Dauzat M, (…), Muller B (2010) Arabidopsis plants acclimate to water deficit at low cost through changes of carbon usage: an integrated perspective using growth, metabolite, enzyme, and gene expression analysis. Plant Physiol 154: 357–372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imai K, Suzuki T, Makino A (2008) Changes in the synthesis of Rubisco in rice leaves in relation to senescence and N influx. Ann Bot 101:135–144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • International Rice Genome Sequencing Project (2005) The map-based sequence of the rice genome. Nature 436:793–800

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ishihara K (1995) Leaf structure and photosynthesis. In: Matsuo T, Kumazawa K, Ishii R, Ishihara K, Hirata H (eds) Science of the rice plant, Physiology, vol 2. Food and Agriculture Policy Research Center, Tokyo, pp 491–511

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishihara K (1996) Eco-physiological characteristics of high yielding cultivars in crop plants-a case study of the rice plant. Jpn J Crop Sci 65(Extra 2):321–326

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishihara K, Saito K (1987) Diurnal courses of photosynthesis, transpiration, and diffusive conductance in the single-leaf of the rice plants grown in the paddy field under submerged condition. Jpn J Crop Sci 56:8–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang C-Z, Hirasawa T, Ishihara K (1988a) Physiological and ecological characteristics of high yielding varieties in rice plants. I. Yield and dry matter production. Jpn J Crop Sci 57:132–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang C-Z, Hirasawa T, Ishihara K (1988b) Physiological and ecological characteristics of high yielding varieties in rice plants. II. Leaf photosynthetic rate. Jpn J Crop Sci 57:139–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang C-Z, Ishihara K, Sato K, Kato S (1999) Loss of photosynthetic capacity and proteins in senescing leaves at top positions of two cultivars of rice in relation to the source capacities of the leaves for carbon and nitrogen. Plant Cell Physiol 40:496–503

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koizumi K, Ookawa T, Satoh H, Hirasawa T (2007) A wilty mutant of rice has impaired hydraulic conductance. Plant Cell Physiol 48:1219–1228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koyama K, Takemoto S (2014) Morning reduction of photosynthetic capacity before midday depression. Sci Rep 4:4389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer PJ (1983) Water relations of plants. Academic Press, New York

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer PJ, Boyer JS (eds) (1995) Water relations of plants and soils. Academic Press, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Loomis RS, Conner DJ (eds) (1992) Crop ecology: productivity and management in agricultural systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Makino A (2011) Photosynthesis, grain yield, and nitrogen utilization in rice and wheat. Plant Physiol 155:125–129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer WS, Ritchie JT (1980) Resistance to water flow in sorghum plant. Plant Physiol 65:33–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto N, Steudle E, Hirasawa T, Lafitte R (2001) Hydraulic conductivity of roots. J Exp Bot 52:1835–1846

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan J (1992) Osmotic components and properties associated with genotypic differences in osmoregulation in wheat. Aust J Plant Physiol 19:67–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muraoka H, Tang Y, Terashima I, Koizumi H, Washitani I (2000) Contributions of diffusional limitation, photoinhibition and photorespiration to midday depression of photosynthesis in Arisaema heterophyllum in natural high light. Plant Cell Environ 23:235–250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakagami K, Ookawa T, Hirasawa T (2004) Effects of a reduction in soil moisture from one month before flowering through ripening on dry matter production and ecophysiological characteristics of wheat plants. Plant Prod Sci 7:143–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura E, Ookawa T, Ishihara K, Hirasawa T (2003) Effects of soil moisture depletion for one month before flowering on dry matter production and ecophysiological characteristics of wheat plants in wet soil during grain filling. Plant Prod Sci 6:195–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (2000) Chronological scientific tables. Maruzen Publishing Co, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann HH, Thurtell QW, Stevenson KR (1974) In situ measurements of leaf water potential and resistance to water flow in corn, soybean, and sunflower at several transpiration rates. Can J Plant Sci 54:175–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman EI (1966) Resistance to water flow in soil and plant. I. Soil resistance in relation to amounts of roots. J Appl Ecol 6:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nooden LD (1988) The phenomena of senescence and aging. In: Nooden LD, Leopold AC (eds) Senescence and aging in plants. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 1–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Ookawa T, Naruoka Y, Yamazaki T, Suga J, Hirasawa T (2003) A comparison of the accumulation and partitioning of nitrogen in plants between two rice cultivars, Akenohoshi and Nipponbare, at the ripening stage. Plant Prod Sci 6:172–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ookawa T, Naruoka Y, Sayama A, Hirasawa T (2004) Cytokinin effects on ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and nitrogen partitioning in rice during ripening. Crop Sci 44:2107–2115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peng S, Laza RC, Visperas RM, Sanico AL, Cassman KG, Khush GS (2000) Grain yield of rice cultivars and lines developed in the Philippines since 1966. Crop Sci 40:307–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew WT, Hesketh JD, Peters DB, Woolley JT (1990) A vapor pressure deficit effect on crop canopy photosynthesis. Photosynth Res 24:27–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pintin F, Monnet F, Jannaud D, Costa JM, Renaud J, Muller B, Simonneau T, Genty B (2013) The dual effect of abscisic acid on stomata. New Phytol 197:65–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quick WP, Chaves MM, Wendler R, David M, Rodrigues ML, Passaharinko JA, (…), Stitt M (1992) The effect of water stress on photosynthetic carbon metabolism in four species grown under field conditions. Plant Cell Environ 15: 25–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sack L, Holbrook NM (2006) Leaf hydraulics. Annu Rev Plant Biol 57:361–381

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sade N, Rubio-Wilhelmi MM, Umnajkitikorn K, Blumwald E (2018) Stress-induced senescence and plant tolerance to abiotic stress. J Exp Bot 69: 845–853

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sage RF, Adachi S, Hirasawa T (2017) Improving photosynthesis in rice: from small steps to giant leaps. In: Sasaki T (ed) Achieving sustainable cultivation of rice, Breeding for higher yield and quality, vol 1. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, pp 77–107

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Saidi A, Ookawa T, Hirasawa T (2010) Responses of root growth to moderate soil water deficit in wheat seedlings. Plant Prod Sci 13:261–268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp RE, Davies WJ (1979) Solute regulation and growth by roots and shoots of water-stressed maize plants. Planta 147:43–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonin KV, Burns E, Choat B, Barbour MM, Dawson TE, Franks PJ (2015) Increasing leaf hydraulic conductance with transpiration rate minimizes the water potential drawdown from stem to leaf. J Exp Bot 66:1303–1315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slatyer RO (1967) Plant-water relationships. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Soejima H, Sugiyama T, Ishihara K (1992) Changes in cytokinin activities and mass spectrometric analysis of cytokinins in root exudates of rice plant (Oryza sativa L). Plant Physiol 36:1724–1729

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steudle E (2000) Water uptake by roots: effects of water deficit. J Exp Bot 51:1531–1542

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steudle E, Peterson CA (1998) How does water get through roots? J Exp Bot 49:775–788

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takai T, Adachi S, Taguchi-Shiobara F, Sanoh-Arai Y, Iwasawa N, Yoshinaga S, (...), Yamamoto T (2013) A natural variant of NAL1, selected in high-yield rice breeding programs, pleiotropically increases photosynthesis rate. Sci Rep 3:2149

    Google Scholar 

  • Takai T, Ikka T, Kondo K, Nonoue Y, Ono N, Arai-Sanho Y, (…), Yamamoto T (2014) Genetic mechanisms underlying yield potential in the rice high-yielding cultivar Takanari, based on reciprocal chromosome segment substitution lines. BMC Plant Biol 14: 295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylaran RD, Ozawa S, Miyamoto N, Ookawa T, Motobayashi T, Hirasawa T (2009) Performance of a high-yielding modern rice cultivar Takanari and several old and new cultivars grown with and without chemical fertilizer in submerged paddy field. Plant Prod Sci 12:365–380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylaran RD, Adachi S, Ookawa T, Usuda H, Hirasawa T (2011) Hydraulic conductance as well as nitrogen accumulation plays a role in the higher rate of leaf photosynthesis of the most productive variety of rice in Japan. J Exp Bot 62:4067–4077

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tazaki T, Ishihara K, Ushijima T (1980) Influence of water stress on the photosynthesis and productivity of plants in humid areas. In: Turner NC, Kramer PJ (eds) Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress. Wiley, New York, pp 309–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Tenhunen JD, Pearcy RW, Lange OL (1987) Diurnal variations in leaf conductance and gas exchange in natural environments. In: Zeiger E, Farquhar GD, Cowan IR (eds) Stomatal function. Stanford University Press, Stanford, pp 323–352

    Google Scholar 

  • Terashima I, Hanba YT, Tholen D, Niinemets U (2011) Leaf functional anatomy in relation to photosynthesis. Plant Physiol 155:108–116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tinklin R, Wheatherley PE (1966) On the relationship between transpiration rate and leaf water potential. New Phytol 65:509–517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomar VS, Ghildyal BP (1975) Resistance to water transport in rice plants. Agron J 67:269–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyree MY, Zimmermann MH (2002) Xylem structure and the ascent of sap. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Waisel Y, Eshel A, Kafkafi U (eds) (2002) Plant roots, the hidden half. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu Y-F, Ookawa T, Ishihara K (1997) Analysis of the photosynthetic characteristics of the high-yielding rice cultivar Takanari. Jpn J Crop Sci 66:616–623

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto T, Yuga Y, Yano M (2014) Genomics-assisted allele mining and its integration into rice breeding. In: Tuberosa R, Graner A, Frison E (eds) Genomics of plant genetic resources. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 251–265

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto T, Suzuki T, Suzuki K, Adachi S, Sun J, Yano M, Ookawa T, Hirasawa T (2016) Detection of QTL for exudation rate at ripening stage in rice and its contribution to hydraulic conductance. Plant Sci 242:270–277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto T, Suzuki T, Suzuki K, Adachi S, Sun J, Yano M, Ookawa T, Hirasawa T (2017) Characterization of a genomic region that maintains chlorophyll and nitrogen contents during ripening in a high-yielding stay-green rice cultivar. Field Crops Res 206:54–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida S, Hasegawa S (1982) The rice root system: its development and function. In: International Rice Research Institute (ed) Drought resistance in crops with emphasis on rice. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, pp 97–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Davies WJ (1990) Does ABA in the xylem control the rate of leaf growth in soil dried maize and sunflower plants? J Exp Bot 41:1125–1132

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science, and Technology of Japan (grant no. 25252007).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan

    Tadashi Hirasawa

Authors
  1. Tadashi Hirasawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tadashi Hirasawa .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

    William W. Adams III

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo Ku, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan

    Ichiro Terashima

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hirasawa, T. (2018). Leaf Photosynthesis of Upland and Lowland Crops Grown under Moisture-Rich Conditions. In: Adams III, W., Terashima, I. (eds) The Leaf: A Platform for Performing Photosynthesis. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 44. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93594-2_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation