Skip to main content

Flow Induced Processes Causing Oriented Crystallization

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Crystallization Modalities in Polymer Melt Processing

Abstract

The investigations in this field started around the year 1970. From the beginning shear flow and extensional flow experiments were carried out. Another classification was with respect to experiments, where flow was continued until the viscosity of the melt started to increase rapidly, and those where the progress of crystallization was followed during flow in a more subtle way by dilatometry , by scattering experiments or by a count of upcoming nuclei.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Haas TW, Maxwell B (1969) Effects of shear stress on the crystallization of linear polyethylene and polybutene-1. Polym Eng Sci 9:225–241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Mackley MR, Keller A (1973) Flow induced crystallization of polyethylene melts. Polymer 14:16–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Sherwood CH, Price FP, Stein RS (1978) Effect of shear on the crystallization kinetics of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ε-caprolactone) melts. J Polym Sci Polym Symp 63:77–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ulrich RD, Price FP (1976) Morphology development during shearing of poly(ethylene oxide) melts. J Appl Polym Sci 20:1077–1093

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Wolkowicz MD (1978) Nucleation and crystal growth in sheared poly(1-butene) melts. J Polym Sci Polym Symp 63:365–382

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Van der Vegt AK, Smit PPA (1967) Crystallization phenomena in flowing polymers. Soc Chem Ind London Mongr 26:313–326

    Google Scholar 

  7. Devaux N, Monasse B, Haudin JM, Moldenaers P, Vermant J (2004) Rheooptical study of the early stages of flow enhanced crystallization in isotactic polypropylene. Rheol Acta 43:210–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Pogodina NV, Lavrenko VP, Srinivas S, Winter HH (2001) Rheology and structure of isotactic polypropylene near the gel point: quiescent and shear induced crystallization. Polymer 42:9031–9043

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Wereta A, Gogos CG (1971) Crystallization studies on deformed polybutene-1 melts. Polym Eng Sci 11:19–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Janeschitz-Kriegl H, Ratajski E, Stadlbauer M (2003) Flow as an effective promotor of nucleation in polymer melts: a quantitative evaluation. Rheol Acta 42:355–364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Janeschitz-Kriegl H, Ratajski E (2005) Kinetics of polymer crystallization under processing conditions: transformation of dormant nuclei by the action of flow. Polymer 46:3856–3870

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Janeschitz-Kriegl H, Ratajski E, Eder G (2014) Unlimited shear as a source of information in polymer melt processing. Int Polym Proc 29:402–411

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Monasse B (1992) Polypropylene nucleation on a glass fiber after melt shearing. Mater Sci 27:6047–6052

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Kantz MR, Newman HD, Stigale FH (1972) The skin-core morphology and structure properties relationship in injection molded polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 16:1249–1260

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Mencik Z, Fitchmun DR (1973) Texture in injection molded polypropylene. J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 11:973–989

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Tadmor Z (1974) Molecular orientation in injection molding. J Appl Polym Sci 18:1753–1772

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Liedauer S, Eder G, Janeschitz-Kriegl H, Jerschow P, Geymayer W, Ingolic E (1993) On the kinetics of shear induced crystallization in polypropylene. Int Polym Proc 8:236–244

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kumaraswamy G, Verma RK, Kornfield JA (1999) A novel flow apparatus for investigating shear-enhanced crystallization and structure development in semicrystalline polymers. Rev Sci Instr 70:2097–2104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Flory PJ (1947) Thermodynamics of crystallization in high polymers. J Chem Phys 15:397–408

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Gaylord RJ, Lohse DJ (1976) Morphological changes during oriented polymer crystallization. Polym Eng Sci 16:163–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Eder G, Janeschitz-Kriegl H, Liedauer S (1990) Crystallization processes in quiescent and moving polymer melts under heat transfer conditions. Progr Polym Sci 15(629–714):678

    Google Scholar 

  22. Janeschitz-Kriegl H (1983) Polymer melt rheology and flow birefringence. Springer, Berlin, pp 46,63,113,146,175

    Google Scholar 

  23. Wales JLS, Philippoff W (1973) Anisotropy of simple shearing flow. Rheol Acta 12:25–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bandrup J, Immergut EH (eds) (1975) Polymer handbook 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, p. V-16

    Google Scholar 

  25. Münstedt H, Laun HM (1979) Elongational behavior of a low density polyethylene melt. II. Transient behavior in constant stretching rate and tensile creep experiments. Comparison with shear data. Temperature dependence of the elongational properties. Rheol Acta 18:492–504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Wales JLS (1976) The application of flow birefringence to rheological studies of polymer melts. Doctoral thesis, Delft University Press

    Google Scholar 

  27. Brochard-Wyart F, de Gennes PG (1988) Ségrègration par traction dans un homopolymere. CR Acad Sci Paris II 306:699–702

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Eder G, Janeschitz-Kriegl H (1997) Processing of polymers 5: crystallization. Mat Sci Techn 18:269–342

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ma Zha, Balzano L, Peters GWM (2012) Pressure quench of flow-induced crystallization procurcors. Macromolecules 45:4216–4224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Boon J, Challa G, Van Krevelen DW (1968) Crystallization kinetics of isotactic polystyrene II: Influence of thermal history on number of nuclei. J Polym Sci A-2 6:1835–1851

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Van Krevelen DW (1978) Crystallinity of polymers and the means to influence the crystallization process. Chimia 32:279–294

    Google Scholar 

  32. Van Krevelen DW (1990) Properties of polymers, 3rd edn. Elsevier, p 592

    Google Scholar 

  33. Keller A, Kolnaar HWH (1997) Processing of polymers 4: Flow-induced orientation and structure formation. Mat Sci Techn 18:189–268

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Mandelkern L (2004) Crystallization of polymers, vol. 2, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, p. 372

    Google Scholar 

  35. Eder G, Janeschitz-Kriegl H, Krobath G (1989) Shear induced crystallization, a relaxation phenomenon in polymer melts. Progr Colloid Polym Sci 80:1–7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. De Gennes PG (1982) Kinetics of diffusion controlled processes in dense polymer systems. II Effect of entanglements. J Chem Phys 76:3322–3326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Doi M, Edwards SF (1986) The theory of polymer dynamics. Claredon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  38. Liedauer S, Eder G, Janeschitz-Kriegl H (1995) On the limitations of shear induced crystallization in polypropylene melts. Int Polym Proc 10:243–250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Kimata S, Sakurai T, Nozue Y, Kasahava T, Yamaguchi N, Karino T, Shibayama M, Kornfield JA (2007) Molecular basis of the shish-Kebab morphology in polymer crystallization. Science 316:1014–1017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kumaraswamy G, Verma RK, Issian AM, Wang P, Kornfield JA, Yeh F, Hsiao BS, Olley RH (2000) Shear-enhanced crystallization in isotactic polypropylene part 2. Analysis of the formation of the oriented “skin”. Polymer 41:8931–8940

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kumaraswamy G, Issian AM, Kornfield JA (1999) Shear enhanced crystallization in isotactic polypropylene. 1. Correspondence between in situ rheo-optics and ex situ structure determination. Macromolecules 32:7537–7547

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Williams ML, Landel RF, Ferry JD (1955) Temperature dependence of relaxation mechanisms in amorphous polymers and other glass forming liquids. J Am Chem Soc 77:3701–3707

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kumaraswamy G, Kornfield JA, Yeh F, Hsiao BS (2002) Shear-enhanced crystallization in isotactic polypropylene. 3. Evidence of a kinetic pathway to nucleation. Macromolecules 35:1762–1769

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Seki M, Thurman DW, Oberhauser JP, Kornfield JA (2002) Shear-mediated crystallization of isotactic polypropylene: the role of long-chain chain overlap. Macromolecules 35:2583–2594

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. De Gennes PG (1979) Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics. Cornell University Press

    Google Scholar 

  46. Jeffrey GB (1922) The motion of ellipsoidal particles immersed in a viscous fluid. Proc Roy Soc London 102:161–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Bird RB, Armstrong RC, Hassager O (1987) Dynamics of polymeric liquids, vol 1, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, p 171

    Google Scholar 

  48. Stadlbauer M, Janeschitz-Kriegl H, Lipp M, Eder G, Forstner R (2004) Extensional rheometer for creep flow at high tensile stress. part I description and validation. J Rheol 48:611–629

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Stadlbauer M, Janeschitz-Kriegl H, Eder G, Ratajski E (2004) New extensional rheometer for creep flow at high tensile stress. Part II. Flow induced nucleation for the crystallization of iPP. J Rheol 48:631–639

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Eder G, Janeschitz-Kriegl H, Ratajski E (2006) Towards the prediction of structure development in injection molded semicrystalline polymers. In: Greener J, Wimberger-Friedl R(eds) Precision injection molding. pp 137–152. Carl Hanser Verlag Munich

    Google Scholar 

  51. Kanaya T, Takayama Y, Ogino Y, Matsuba G, Nishida K (2004) Process in understanding of polymer crystallization. In: Reiter G, Strobl G (eds)Springer, Berlin, pp 87–96

    Google Scholar 

  52. Janeschitz-Kriegl H, Ratajski E (2014) Flow-induced crystallization in polymer melts: how Winter’s gelation concept fits into the picture. Polym Bull 71:1197–1203

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Mackley MR, Wannaborworn S, Gao P, Zhan F (1999) The optical microscopy of sheared liquids using a newly developed optical stage. J Microsc Anal 69:25–27

    Google Scholar 

  54. Janeschitz-Kriegl H, Ratajski E (2011) Crystallization in polymer melts: metamorphism of flow induced nuclei. Int Polym Proc 26:460–463

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Ratajski E, Janeschitz-Kriegl H (2014) How to determine high growth speeds in polymer melt processing. Colloid Polym Sci 274:938–951

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Keller A, Machin MJ (1967) Oriented crystallization in polymers. J Macromol Sci B1:41–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Janeschitz-Kriegl H, Wimberger-Friedl R, Krobath G, Liedauer S (1987) On the formation of layer structures in plastic parts (in German). Kautschuk + Gummi. Kunststoffe 40:301–307

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Jerschow P, Janeschitz-Kriegl H (1997) The role of long molecules and nucleation agents in shear induced crystallization of isotactic polypropylenes. Int Polym Proc 12:72–77

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Marand H, Xu J, Srinivas S (1998) Determination of the equilibrium melting temperature of polymer crystals: Linear and non-linear Hoffman-Weeks extrapolation. Macromolecules 31:8219–8229

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Braun J, Wippel H, Eder G, Janeschitz-Kriegl H (2003) Industrial solidification processes in polybutene-1. Part II-Influence of shear flow. Polym Eng Sci 43:188–203

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Janeschitz-Kriegl H, Eder G (2007) Shear induced crystallization, a relaxation phenomenon in polymer melts: a recollection. J Macromol Sci Part B 46:1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Wimberger-Friedl R (1996) Molecular orientation in polycarbonate induced by cooling stress. Int Polym Proc 11:373–382

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Van Krevelen DW (1990) Properties of polymers, 3rd edn. Elsevier, p 469

    Google Scholar 

  64. Alfonso GC (1999) Formation of cylindritic morphology in melt-sheared it-polybutene-1. Polym Mat Sci Eng 81:330–331

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Alfonso GC, Azzurri F (2001) Shear enhanced polymer crystal nucleation: Interaction between molecular characteristics and flow. In: Conference flow induced crystallization of polymers, Salerno

    Google Scholar 

  66. Azzurri F, Alfonso GC (2005) Lifetime of shear-induced crystal nucleation precursors. Macromolecules 38:1723–1728

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Varga J, Karger-Kocsis J (1996) Rules of supermolecular structure formation in sheared isotactic polypropylene melts. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 34:657–670

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Garcia Gutierrez MC, Alfonso GC, Rickel C, Azzurri F (2004) Spatially resolved flow-induced crystallization precursors in isotactic polystyrene by simultaneous small- and wide-angle X-ray microdifraction. Macromolecules 37:478–485

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Al-Hussein M, Strobl G (2002) The melting line, the crystallization line and the equilibrium melting temperature of isotactic polystyrene. Macromolecules 35:1672–1676

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Azzurri F, Alfonso GC (2008) Insights on formation and relaxation of shear-induced nucleation precursors in isotactic polystyrene. Macromolecules 41:1377–1383

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Stratton RA (1966) The dependence of non-Newtonian viscosity on molecular weight for “monodisperse” polystyrenes. J Colloid Interface Sci 22:517–530

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Monasse B (1995) Nucleation and anisotropic crystalline growth of polyethylene under shear. J Mat Sci 30:5002–5012

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Lippits DR, Rastogi S, Höhne GWH (2006) Melting kinetics of polymers. Phys Rev Lett 96:218303-1–218303-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Lippits DR, Rastogi S, Höhne GWH, Mezari B, Magusin PCMM (2007) Heterogeneous distribution of entanglements in the polymer melt and its influence on crystallization. Macromolecules 40:1004–1010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Mackley MR, Hassell DG (2011) The multipass rheometer, a review. J Non-Newton Fluid Mech 166:421–456

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Lagasse RR, Maxwell B (1976) An experimental study of the kinetics of polymer crystallization during shear flow. Polym Eng Sci 16:189–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Hadinata C, Gabriel C, Ruellmann M, Laun HM (2005) Comparison of shear-induced crystallization behavior of PB-1 samples with different molecular weight distribution. J Rheol 49:327–349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Hadinata C, Gabriel C, Ruellmann M, Kao N, Laun HM (2006) Shear-induced crystallization of PB-1 up to processing relevant shear rates. Rheol Acta 45:539–546

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Chen Q, Fan Y, Zheng Q (2006) Rheological scaling and modeling of shear-enhanced crystallization rate of polypropylene. Rheol Acta 46:305–316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Hadinata C, Boos D, Gabriel C, Wassner E, Rüllmann M, Laun HM (2007) Elongation-induced crystallization of high molecular weight isotactic polybutene-1 melt compared to shear-induced crystallization. J Rheol 51:195–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Okamoto M, Kubo H, Kotaka T (1998) Elongational flow-induced crystallization and structure development in supercooled poly(ethylene naphthalate). Macromolecules 31:4223–4231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Meissner J, Hostettler J (1994) A new elongational rheometer for polymer melts and other highly viscoelastic liquids. Rheol Acta 33:1–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Samon JM, Schultz JM, Hsiao BS (2002) Structure development in the early stages of crystallization during melt spinning. Polymer 43:1873–1875

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Gortemaker FH, Hansen MG, de Cindio B, Laun HM, Janeschitz-Kriegl H (1976) Flow bire- fringence of polymer melts: application to the investigation of time dependent rheological properties. Rheol Acta 15:256–267

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Lodge AS (1964) Elastic liquids. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  86. Janeschitz-Kriegl M, Janeschitz-Kriegl H, Eder G, Forstner R (2006) Heat transfer through metal walls of finite thickness. Int Polym Proc 21:41–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Zheng R, Tanner RI, Xi-Jun Fan (2011) Injection molding. Springer, Berlin, p 64 Also personal communication

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hermann Janeschitz-Kriegl .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Janeschitz-Kriegl, H. (2018). Flow Induced Processes Causing Oriented Crystallization. In: Crystallization Modalities in Polymer Melt Processing. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77317-9_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics