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Caves of the Buda Thermal Karst

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Hypogene Karst Regions and Caves of the World

Part of the book series: Cave and Karst Systems of the World ((CAKASYWO))

Abstract

The Buda thermal karst is one of the most characteristic hypogene karst systems of the world developed in Triassic and Eocene limestone and marl in Budapest, on the right side of the Danube, under 300–400 m high hills. Due to the mixing corrosion enhanced by CO2 and perhaps sulfuric acid, the water circulation formed multi-storey cave systems with different morphologies and complicated layout along the tectonic fissures. The arrangement of caves is independent of surface topography. The world-famous medicinal waters of Budapest come to the surface through cave passages. Due to the incision of the Danube and the uplift of the area in the Pleistocene, most passages are presently dry; now they lie 100 m above the Danube, though there are still passages below the water-table. The length of the five largest known caves and about 100 smaller ones reaches 55 km, and it is reasonable to estimate the length of unknown underground passages to be comparable. Caves are characterized by complex morphology, suggesting the formation by rising flow, and by rich carbonate-sulfuric mineral precipitations. Some of them (e.g. barite and calcite veins) are associated with bedrock formation and thus predate the cave forming process. There are minerals that precipitated from the warm water that dissolved the cave (Fe- and Mn-containing minerals formed by bacterial colonies, or cave rafts and folia). Evaporitic precipitations (e.g. popcorns, and frostworks) are remarkable. There are frequent precipitations of gypsum (chandeliers, gypsum flowers, etc.) due to the pyrite content of the marl above the passages. Discovering the concealed and hidden caves since the early twentieth-century was helped by quarries and earthworks followed by systematic and deliberate exploration.

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Acknowledgements

Many thanks to Prof. Stein-Erik Lauritzen for his advice and for the opportunity to work in his U-series laboratory; to Magdolna Virág and to Tamás Garamhegyi geologists (presently Ph.D. students) for compiling my figures; and to Gábor Gercsák for his assistance in writing my chapter in English.

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  1. Department of Physical and Applied Geology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

    Szabolcs Leél-Őssy

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  1. Szabolcs Leél-Őssy
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Correspondence to Szabolcs Leél-Őssy .

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  1. Department of Hydrogeological Problems, Institute of Geological Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine

    Alexander Klimchouk

  2. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, State University of New York, Oneonta, New York, USA

    Arthur N. Palmer

  3. Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Universita di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Jo De Waele

  4. Instituto do Carste, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Augusto S. Auler

  5. University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France

    Philippe Audra

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Leél-Őssy, S. (2017). Caves of the Buda Thermal Karst. In: Klimchouk, A., N. Palmer, A., De Waele, J., S. Auler, A., Audra, P. (eds) Hypogene Karst Regions and Caves of the World. Cave and Karst Systems of the World. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53348-3_18

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