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Basin-scale conceptual groundwater flow model for an unconfined and confined thick carbonate region

Modèle conceptuel d’écoulements d’eau souterraine à l’échelle d’un basin pour une région carbonatée épaisse libre et captive

Modelo conceptual de flujo de agua subterránea a escala de cuenca para un acuífero no confinado y uno confinado en una región de potentes carbonatos

非承压和承压厚层碳酸盐地区流域尺度地下水流概念模型

Modelo conceitual de escoamento de água subterrânea na escala da bacia para uma região carbonácia espessa

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Abstract

Application of the gravity-driven regional groundwater flow (GDRGF) concept to the hydrogeologically complex thick carbonate system of the Transdanubian Range (TR), Hungary, is justified based on the principle of hydraulic continuity. The GDRGF concept informs about basin hydraulics and groundwater as a geologic agent. It became obvious that the effect of heterogeneity and anisotropy on the flow pattern could be derived from hydraulic reactions of the aquifer system. The topography and heat as driving forces were examined by numerical simulations of flow and heat transport. Evaluation of groups of springs, in terms of related discharge phenomena and regional chloride distribution, reveals the dominance of topography-driven flow when considering flow and related chemical and temperature patterns. Moreover, heat accumulation beneath the confined part of the system also influences these patterns. The presence of cold, lukewarm and thermal springs and related wetlands, creeks, mineral precipitates, and epigenic and hypogenic caves validates the existence of GDRGF in the system. Vice versa, groups of springs reflect rock–water interaction and advective heat transport and inform about basin hydraulics. Based on these findings, a generalized conceptual GDRGF model is proposed for an unconfined and confined carbonate region. An interface was revealed close to the margin of the unconfined and confined carbonates, determined by the GDRGF and freshwater and basinal fluids involved. The application of this model provides a background to interpret manifestations of flowing groundwater in thick carbonates generally, including porosity enlargement and hydrocarbon and heat accumulation.

Résumé

L’application du concept de modélisation régionale d’écoulements d’eau souterraine contrôlé par la gravité (MRESCG) au système hydrogéologique complexe carbonaté épais de la Chaîne Transdanubienne (CT), Hongrie, est justifiée sur la base du principe de continuité hydraulique. Le concept MRESCG informe sur l’hydraulique du bassin et sur les eaux souterraines en tant qu’agent géologique. Il apparaît clair que l’effet de l’hétérogénéité et de l’anisotropie sur le mode d’écoulement peut être dérivé des réactions hydrauliques du système aquifère. La topographie et la chaleur en tant que forces motrices ont été examinées à l’aide de simulations numériques de l’écoulement et du transport de la chaleur. L’évaluation de groupes de sources, en termes de phénomènes de débits associés et de distribution régionale des chlorures, révèle la prédominance des écoulements associés à la topographie lorsque l’on considère les flux et les modes connexes de distribution de la chimie et des températures. En outre, l’accumulation de la chaleur sous la partie captive du système influence également ces modes de distribution. La présence de sources froides, tièdes et thermales et de zones humides associées, criques, précipités minéraux, et de grottes épigéniques et hypogéniques valide l’existence du MRESCG dans le système. Vice versa, les groupes de sources reflètent l’interaction eau–roche et le transport de chaleur par advection et informent sur l’hydraulique du bassin. A partir de ces résultats, un modèle conceptuel MRESCG généralisé est proposé pour une région carbonatée libre et captive. Une interface a été mise en évidence à proximité de la marge des carbonates libres et captifs, déterminée par le MESRCG, où eau douce et des fluides du bassin sont impliqués. L’application de ce modèle fournit une base pour interpréter les manifestations d’écoulements d’eau souterraine dans des carbonates épais, comprenant généralement l’élargissement de la porosité et l’accumulation d’hydrocarbure et de chaleur.

Resumen

La aplicación del concepto de flujo subterráneo regional forzado por gravedad (GDRGF) a los sistemas de potentes carbonatos potentes hidrogeológicamente complejos de las Transdanubian Range (TR), Hungría, se justifica basado en el principio de continuidad hidráulica. El concepto de GDRGF informa acerca del agua subterránea y de la hidráulica de la cuenca como un agente geológico. Es evidente que el efecto de la heterogeneidad y la anisotropía en el modelo de flujo podría ser derivada de las reacciones hidráulicas del sistema acuífero. Se examinaron la topografía y el calor como forzantes mediante simulaciones numéricas de flujo y de transporte de calor. La evaluación de los grupos de manantiales, en términos relacionados a fenómenos de descarga y la distribución de cloruro regional, revela el predominio de la forzante del flujo por la topografía al considerar los flujos y los patrones químicos y de temperatura relacionados. Por otra parte, la acumulación de calor debajo de la parte confinada del sistema también influye en estos patrones. La presencia de manantiales fríos, templados y calientes y los humedales relacionados, arroyos, precipitados de minerales, y las cuevas epigénicas y hipogénicas verifica la existencia del sistema GDRGF. Viceversa, los grupos de manantiales reflejan la interacción roca–agua y el transporte de calor advectivo e informa sobre el sistema hidráulico de la cuenca. Basado en estos resultados, se propone un modelo conceptual GDRGF generalizado para una región de carbonatos no confinada y confinada. Una interfaz se reveló cerca del margen de los carbonatos no confinados y confinadas, determinada por el GDRGF y por el agua dulce y los fluidos de la cuenca en cuestión. La aplicación de este modelo proporciona generalmente un antecedente para interpretar las manifestaciones del flujo del agua subterránea en carbonatos potentes, incluyendo la ampliación de la porosidad y la acumulación de hidrocarburos y de calor.

摘要

根据水力连续性原则,对重力驱使区域地下水流概念在匈牙利Transdanubian山脉水文地质条件复杂的厚层碳酸盐系统的应用进行了调整。重力驱使区域地下水流概念就是将流域水力学和地下水作为一个地质营力。很明显,不均匀性各向异性对水流模式的影响来自于含水层系统的水力反应。通过水流和热量传输数值模拟对作为驱动力的地形和热量进行了调查。群泉相关的排泄现象和区域氯化物分布评价揭示,鉴于水流和相关的化学和温度模式,地形驱动水流占主导优势。此外,系统承压部分之下的热量积累也影响这些模式。冷泉、微温泉和热泉的出现以及相关湿地、溪流、矿物沉淀物和外成、深成洞穴的出现确认系统中存在着重力驱使区域地下水流。反过来也是如此,泉群反映了岩-水相互作用和平流热量传输,揭示了流域水力学。根据这些发现,提出了非承压和承压碳酸盐地区概化重力驱使区域地下水流概念模型。揭示了非承压和承压碳酸盐边缘附近的界面,这个界面是由重力驱使区域地下水流、淡水和所涉及到的流域流体确定的。这个模型的应用通常提供了解译这个厚层碳酸盐地层中出现流动地下水,包括孔隙度扩大及碳氢化合物和热量积累的背景。

Resumo

A modelagem do sistema carbonácio espesso e hidrogeologicamente complexo da Região da Transdanúbia (RT), na Hungria é realizada por meio da aplicação do conceito do escoamento regional de água subterrânea por gravidade (ERASG), com base no princípio da continuidade hídrica. O conceito ERASG está relacionado com a hidráulica da bacia levando-se em conta as águas subterrâneas como um forçante geológica. Obtiveram-se evidências de que o efeito da heterogeneidade e anisotropia sobre o padrão de escoamento é determinado a partir de respostas hidráulicas do sistema aquífero. O trabalho analisou o comportamento da topografia e do calor como forçantes por meio de simulações numéricas de escoamento e transporte de calor. A avaliação de grupos de fontes, em termos de fenômenos de descarga e distribuição de cloreto, revelou a predominância de forças gravitacionais no escoamento ao considerar conjuntamente ao escoamento a distribuição de constituintes e o padrão de temperaturas. De modo específico, observou-se que o calor acumulado na porção confinada do aquífero influencia tais padrões. A presença de fontes de diferentes temperaturas (frias, mornas e quentes) e corpos de água conectados a este sistema, como pântanos, riachos, precipitações minerais e cavernas epigênicas e hipogênicas validam a existência de ERASG no sistema. Por outro lado, grupos de fontes refletem a interação água–rocha e o transporte advectivo de calor e evidenciam sobre a hidráulica da bacia. Com base nestas evidências, o trabalho propõe um modelo conceitual ERASG generalizado para uma região carbonácia livres e confinadas. Próximo à margem dos carbonatos livres e confinados foi encontrada uma interface determinada pelo ERASG, a água superficial e os fluidos basais presentes. A aplicação do modelo produz um arcabouço de conhecimento suficiente para interpretar de maneira geral fenômenos de escoamento subterrâneo em carbonatos espessos, incluindo-se porosidades variáveis e acumulação de hidrocarbonetos e calor.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Hungarian Scientific Research Found (NK 101356) regarding those findings related to the Buda Thermal Karst of the Transdanubian Range (TR). Fruitful discussions with József Tóth, Yuan Daoxian, Nico Goldscheider, Tímea Havril, John Molson, Mihael Brenčič, Neven Kresic, Zoran Stevanovic, Pierre-Yves Jeannin, Louise Maurice, György Tóth and Alexander Klimchouk have helped the authors to formulate the content of the paper. The water-table data for the TR were provided by András Csepregi, and for the area around Hévíz, by Emőke Jocha-Edelényi; the location and distinction of origin of the epigenic and hypogenic caves were provided by Attila Gazda. Access to the Comsol Multiphysics software was given by Attila Galsa and the Department of Geophysics and Space Science at Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary; their help is highly appreciated. The technical support of Petra Bodor, Tímea Havril and Eszter Vakarcs is also gratefully acknowledged. The inspiring criticism of Weon Shik Han and three anonymous reviewers are highly appreciated. Finally the detailed comments and corrections of the manuscript by József Tóth, Andrea Mindszenty and John Molson are widely appreciated and helped to improve the quality of the paper.

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  1. Department of Physical and Applied Geology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. stny. 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary

    Judit Mádl-Szőnyi & Ádám Tóth

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  1. Judit Mádl-Szőnyi
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Correspondence to Judit Mádl-Szőnyi.

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Mádl-Szőnyi, J., Tóth, Á. Basin-scale conceptual groundwater flow model for an unconfined and confined thick carbonate region. Hydrogeol J 23, 1359–1380 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1274-x

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