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Clocks

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Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Zusammenfassung

This chapter provides an overview of clock technology and typical clocks (Cs, Rb, H-Maser) in use today for onboard and ground systems and identifies future trends such as fountain clocks, etc. Concepts such as clock drift, trend, random variations and the statistical methods for their characterization (Allan deviation (GlossaryTerm

ADEV

), etc.) are introduced and performance characteristics of global navigation satellite system (GlossaryTerm

GNSS

) onboard clocks are presented. The handling and impact of special and general relativity on timing measurements are discussed. Finally, the generation of a GNSS time from an ensemble of ground clocks is described.

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Abbreviations

ACES:

atom clock ensemble in space

ADEV:

Allan deviation

AM:

amplitude modulation

BAW:

bulk acoustic wave

BCRS:

barycentric celestial reference system

BDT:

BeiDou time

BIH:

Bureau International de l’Heure

BIPM:

Bureau International des Poids et Mesures

CCIR:

Comité Consultatif International des Radiocommunications

CMCU:

clock monitoring and comparison unit

CPT:

coherent population trapping

CSAC:

chip scale atomic clock

DCFBS:

digital cesium beam frequency standard

EAL:

Echelle atomique libre (free atomic scale)

ECEF:

Earth-centered Earth-fixed

ECI:

Earth-centered inertial

FLDR:

flicker drift

FLFR:

flicker frequency (noise)

FLPH:

flicker phase (noise)

GCRS:

Geocentric Celestial Reference System

GLONASS:

Global’naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikova Sistema (Russian Global Navigation Satellite System)

GNSS:

global navigation satellite system

GPS:

Global Positioning System

GPST:

GPS Time

GST:

Galileo System Time

GTRS:

Geocentric Terrestrial Reference System

IAU:

International Astronomical Union

IEEE:

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IERS:

International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

IOP:

intensity optical pumping

IRNSS:

Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System

ITRS:

International Terrestrial Reference System

ITU:

International Telecommunication Union

IUGG:

International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics

JPL:

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

MEMS:

micro-electromechanical system

MJD:

modified Julian day/date

MOT:

magneto-optical trap

NASA:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NGA:

National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency

NIST:

National Institute of Standards and Technology

NRL:

Naval Research Lab

OCXO:

oven controlled crystal oscillator

OWCP:

one-way carrier-phase technique

PHM:

passive hydrogen maser

PM:

phase modulation

PRN:

pseudo-random noise

QZSS:

Quasi-Zenith Satellite System

RAFS:

rubidium atomic frequency standard

RF:

radio frequency

RWDR:

random walk drift

RWFR:

random walk frequency (noise)

RWPH:

random walk phase (noise)

SAW:

surface acoustic wave

SNR:

signal-to-noise ratio

ST:

system time

SVN:

space vehicle number

TAI:

International Atomic Time

TCB:

barycentric coordinate time

TCG:

Geocentric Coordinate Time

TCXO:

temperature compensated crystal oscillator

TKS:

time keeping system

TT:

terrestrial time

TWSTFT:

two-way satellite time and frequency transfer

URSI:

International Union of Radio Science

USNO:

United States Naval Observatory

UTC:

Coordinated Universal Time

WHPH:

white phase (noise)

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. Joseph White, a colleague at the US Naval Research Laboratory, as well as Dr. Bob Nelson. Publication restrictions did not permit including Dr. White or Dr. Nelson in the authorship though many of the sections on individual atomic frequency standards and relativity were either contributed or edited by them.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Advanced Space PNT Branch, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, DC 20375, Washington, USA

    Ron Beard & Ken Senior

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  1. Ron Beard
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  2. Ken Senior
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Correspondence to Ron Beard .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Spatial Sciences, Curtin University, WA 6845, Perth, Australia

    Peter J.G. Teunissen

  2. Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, Delft, Netherlands

    Peter J.G. Teunissen

  3. German Aerospace Center (DLR), Münchener Str. 20, 82234, Wessling, Germany

    Oliver Montenbruck

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Beard, R., Senior, K. (2017). Clocks. In: Teunissen, P.J., Montenbruck, O. (eds) Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42928-1_5

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