Abstract
In this chapter, we briefly give an introduction to nanoporous metals (NPMs). First, we show “what are NPMs.” The definition of NPMs is given, considering the characteristic length scale and porous structure. NPMs are such a kind of metallic materials with interconnected backbones (ligaments) and pores (channels) on the nanoscale. Here, the term “nanoporous” is different from “mesoporous,” which is defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Moreover, the length scale of nanopores (several to hundreds of nanometers) in NPMs is several orders of magnitude smaller than that (above tens of microns) of pores in normal metal foams. The pore distribution in NPMs could be ordered, or random, or the combination of the former two. Many methods could be used to fabricate NPMs, and dealloying is the most important one. Second, the microstructural characteristics of NPMs are outlined. Besides the prototype nanoporous gold (NPG), many pure elements (transition metals, elements from IIIA-VA groups, and even semiconductor elements) and alloys could be fabricated into a nanoporous structure. Both bulk (up to centimeters) and nanosized (zero-dimensional (0D), 1D, and 2D) NPMs have been reported. Metallic ligaments and nanopore channels in dealloying-driven NPMs are topologically and morphologically equivalent, i.e., they are inverses of each other in three-dimensional space. The microstructure of NPMs may be homogeneous, and NPMs with multiscale or multilevel porous structures can also be prepared. In addition, the crystalline orientation and lattice defects of NPMs depend upon the microstructure of the precursor alloys and the dealloying process. Third, the properties of NPMs are summarized. Due to their unique microstructures, nanoporous metallic materials combine the properties of both metals and nanostructured materials. Thus NPMs show the structure-related electrical, magnetic, mechanical, optical, catalytic, and electrocatalytic properties. Moreover, the microstructures and the related properties of NPMs could be facilely designed and modulated. Last, we discuss the potential applications of NPMs. Owing to their unique microstructures and related properties, NPMs show promising applications in sensors, actuators, fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), supercapacitors, metal–air batteries, water splitting, synthesis of chemicals, hydrogen storage, automobile exhaust treatment, drug loading and release, bonding materials, and so forth.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ding Y, Chen M (2009) Nanoporous metals for catalytic and optical applications. MRS Bull 34(08):569–576
Tappan BC, Steiner SA, Luther EP (2010) Nanoporous metal foams. Angew Chem Int Ed 49(27):4544–4565
Kelly R, Frost A, Shahrabi T, Newman R (1991) Brittle fracture of an Au/Ag alloy induced by a surface film. Metall Trans A 22(2):531–541
Forty A (1979) Corrosion micromorphology of noble metal alloys and depletion gilding. Nature 282:597–598
Keir D, Pryor M (1980) The dealloying of copper-manganese alloys. J Electrochem Soc 127(10):2138–2144
Cassagne T, Flanagan W, Lichter B (1986) On the failure mechanism of chemically embrittled Cu3Au single crystals. Metall Trans A 17(4):703–710
Erlebacher J, Seshadri R (2009) Hard materials with tunable porosity. MRS Bull 34(08):561–568
Hyeji P, Changui A, Hyungyung J, Myounggeun C, Dong Seok K, Do Kyung K et al (2014) Large-area metal foams with highly ordered sub-micrometer-scale pores for potential applications in energy areas. Mater Lett 129:174–177
Chae WS, Gough DV, Ham SK, Robinson DB, Braun PV (2012) Effect of ordered intermediate porosity on ion transport in hierarchically nanoporous electrodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4(8):3973–3979
Erlebacher J, Aziz MJ, Karma A, Dimitrov N, Sieradzki K (2001) Evolution of nanoporosity in dealloying. Nature 410(6827):450–453
Nishio K, Masuda H (2011) Anodization of gold in oxalate solution to form a nanoporous black film. Angew Chem Int Ed 50(7):1603–1607
Näth O, Stephen A, Rösler J, Vollertsen F (2009) Structuring of nanoporous nickel-based superalloy membranes via laser etching. J Mater Process Technol 209(10):4739–4743
Leventis N, Chandrasekaran N, Sadekar AG, Sotiriou-Leventis C, Lu H (2009) One-pot synthesis of interpenetrating inorganic/organic networks of CuO/resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogels: nanostructured energetic materials. J Am Chem Soc 131(13):4576–4577
Avisar-Levy M, Levy O, Ascarelli O, Popov I, Bino A (2015) Fractal structures of highly-porous metals and alloys at the nanoscale. J Alloys Compd 635:48–54
Zhang X, Guan P, Malic L, Trudeau M, Rosei F, Veres T (2015) Nanoporous twinned PtPd with highly catalytic activity and stability. J Mater Chem A 3(5):2050–2056
Zhang Z, Wang Y, Qi Z, Zhang W, Qin J, Frenzel J (2009) Generalized fabrication of nanoporous metals (Au, Pd, Pt, Ag, and Cu) through chemical dealloying. J Phys Chem C 113(29):12629–12636
Jia F, Yu C, Deng K, Zhang L (2007) Nanoporous metal (Cu, Ag, Au) films with high surface area: general fabrication and preliminary electrochemical performance. J Phys Chem C 111(24):8424–8431
Dong C-S, Gu Y, Zhong M-l, Li L, Ma M-X, Liu W-J (2011) The effect of laser remelting in the formation of tunable nanoporous Mn structures on mild steel substrates. Appl Surf Sci 257(7):2467–2473
Wada T, Setyawan AD, Yubuta K, Kato H (2011) Nano- to submicro-porous β-Ti alloy prepared from dealloying in a metallic melt. Scr Mater 65(6):532–535
Hakamada M, Motomura J, Hirashima F, Mabuchi M (2012) Preparation of nanoporous ruthenium catalyst and its CO oxidation characteristics. Mater Trans 53(3):524–530
Stepanovich A, Sliozberg K, Schuhmann W, Ludwig A (2012) Combinatorial development of nanoporous WO3 thin film photoelectrodes for solar water splitting by dealloying of binary alloys. Int J Hydrogen Energy 37(16):11618–11624
Liu T, Zhu M, Shen H, Qin C, Cao Y (2013) The influences of dealloying temperature and time on the morphology, structure, and magnetic properties of porous Co nanoparticles. J Nanopart Res 15(3):1
Wada T, Kato H (2013) Three-dimensional open-cell macroporous iron, chromium and ferritic stainless steel. Scr Mater 68(9):723–726
Joung Wook K, Wada T, Sung Gyoo K, Kato H (2014) Sub-micron porous niobium solid electrolytic capacitor prepared by dealloying in a metallic melt. Mater Lett 116:223–226
Lei W, Balk TJ (2014) Using multilayer precursors to create nanoporous gold and nanoporous iridium thin films with layered architecture. Metall Mater Trans A 45(3):1096–1100
Chen Q, Sieradzki K (2013) Spontaneous evolution of bicontinuous nanostructures in dealloyed Li-based systems. Nat Mater 12(12):1102–1106
Zhang Z, Wang Y, Wang Y (2013) A general dealloying route to synthesize nanoporous non-noble metals. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 13(2):1503–1506
Song T, Yan M, Qian M (2015) A dealloying approach to synthesizing micro-sized porous tin (Sn) from immiscible alloy systems for potential lithium-ion battery anode applications. J Porous Mater 22(3):713–719
Wada T, Ichitsubo T, Yubuta K, Segawa H, Yoshida H, Kato H (2014) Bulk-nanoporous-silicon negative electrode with extremely high cyclability for lithium-ion batteries prepared using a top-down process. Nano Lett 14(8):4505–4510
Liu S, Feng J, Bian X, Qian Y, Liu J, Xu H (2015) Nanoporous germanium as high-capacity lithium-ion battery anode. Nano Energy 13:651–657
Yin H, Xiao W, Mao X, Zhu H, Wang D (2015) Preparation of a porous nanostructured germanium from GeO2 via a “reduction-alloying-dealloying” approach. J Mater Chem A 3(4):1427–1430
Wang X, Frenzel J, Wang W, Ji H, Qi Z, Zhang Z et al (2011) Length-scale modulated and electrocatalytic activity enhanced nanoporous gold by doping. J Phys Chem C 115(11):4456–4465
Zhang Z, Zhang C, Gao Y, Frenzel J, Sun J, Eggeler G (2012) Dealloying strategy to fabricate ultrafine nanoporous gold-based alloys with high structural stability and tunable magnetic properties. CrystEngComm 14(23):8292
Xu C, Sun F, Gao H, Wang J (2013) Nanoporous platinum-cobalt alloy for electrochemical sensing for ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, and glucose. Anal Chim Acta 780:20–27
Xu C, Wang J, Zhou J (2013) Nanoporous PtNi alloy as an electrochemical sensor for ethanol and H2O2. Sens Actuators B Chem 182:408–415
Xu C, Zhang H, Hao Q, Duan H (2014) A hierarchical nanoporous PtCu alloy as an oxygen-reduction reaction electrocatalyst with high activity and durability. Chempluschem 79(1):107–113
Qiu HJ, Shen X, Wang JQ, Hirata A, Fujita T, Wang Y et al (2015) Aligned nanoporous Pt-Cu bimetallic microwires with high catalytic activity toward methanol electrooxidation. ACS Catal 5(6):3779–3785
Sun J, Shi J, Xu J, Chen X, Zhang Z, Peng Z (2015) Enhanced methanol electro-oxidation and oxygen reduction reaction performance of ultrafine nanoporous platinum-copper alloy: experiment and density functional theory calculation. J Power Sources 279:334–344
Duan H, Hao Q, Xu C (2015) Hierarchical nanoporous PtTi alloy as highly active and durable electrocatalyst toward oxygen reduction reaction. J Power Sources 280:483–490
Duan H, Xu C (2015) Nanoporous PtPd alloy electrocatalysts with high activity and stability toward oxygen reduction reaction. Electrochim Acta 152:417–424
Xu C, Hou J, Pang X, Li X, Zhu M, Tang B (2012) Nanoporous PtCo and PtNi alloy ribbons for methanol electrooxidation. Int J Hydrogen Energy 37(14):10489–10498
Xu C, Liu Y, Wang J, Geng H, Qiu H (2012) Nanoporous PdCu alloy for formic acid electro-oxidation. J Power Sources 199:124–131
Zhang Z, Zhang C, Sun J, Kou T, Zhao C (2012) Ultrafine nanoporous Cu–Pd alloys with superior catalytic activities towards electro-oxidation of methanol and ethanol in alkaline media. RSC Adv 2(31):11820
Xu C, Liu Y, Hao Q, Duan H (2013) Nanoporous PdNi alloys as highly active and methanol-tolerant electrocatalysts towards oxygen reduction reaction. J Mater Chem A 1(43):13542
Xu C, Liu Y, Zhang H, Geng H (2013) A nanoporous PdCo alloy as a highly active electrocatalyst for the oxygen-reduction reaction and formic acid electrooxidation. Chem Asian J 8(11):2721–2728
Zhao D, Wang Z, Wang J, Xu C (2014) The nanoporous PdCr alloy as a nonenzymatic electrochemical sensor for hydrogen peroxide and glucose. J Mater Chem B 2(32):5195–5201
Qi Z, Zhao C, Wang X, Lin J, Shao W, Zhang Z et al (2009) Formation and characterization of monolithic nanoporous copper by chemical dealloying of Al–Cu alloys. J Phys Chem C 113(16):6694–6698
Jin H-J, Wang X-L, Parida S, Wang K, Seo M, Weissmüller J (2009) Nanoporous Au–Pt alloys as large strain electrochemical actuators. Nano Lett 10(1):187–194
Yan X, Xiong H, Bai Q, Frenzel J, Si C, Chen X, et al (2015) Atomic layer-by-layer construction of Pd on nanoporous gold via underpotential deposition and displacement reaction. RSC Adv 5(25):19409–19417
Huang JF, Sun IW (2005) Fabrication and surface functionalization of nanoporous gold by electrochemical alloying/dealloying of Au–Zn in an ionic liquid, and the self-assembly of L-Cysteine monolayers. Adv Funct Mater 15(6):989–994
Liu L, Pippel E, Scholz R, Gösele U (2009) Nanoporous Pt–Co alloy nanowires: fabrication, characterization, and electrocatalytic properties. Nano Lett 9(12):4352–4358
Gu X, Xu L, Tian F, Ding Y (2009) Au-Ag alloy nanoporous nanotubes. Nano Res 2(5):386–393
Wang D, Zhao P, Li Y (2011) General preparation for Pt-based alloy nanoporous nanoparticles as potential nanocatalysts. Sci Rep 1:37
Fujita T, Qian L-H, Inoke K, Erlebacher J, Chen M-W (2008) Three-dimensional morphology of nanoporous gold. Appl Phys Lett 92(25):251902
Fujita T, Guan P, McKenna K, Lang X, Hirata A, Zhang L et al (2012) Atomic origins of the high catalytic activity of nanoporous gold. Nat Mater 11(9):775–780
Yu J, Ding Y, Xu C, Inoue A, Sakurai T, Chen M (2008) Nanoporous metals by dealloying multicomponent metallic glasses. Chem Mater 20(14):4548–4550
Zhang Z, Wang Y, Qi Z, Lin J, Bian X (2009) Nanoporous gold ribbons with bimodal channel size distributions by chemical dealloying of Al–Au alloys. J Phys Chem C 113(4):1308–1314
Ding Y, Erlebacher J (2003) Nanoporous metals with controlled multimodal pore size distribution. J Am Chem Soc 125(26):7772–7773
Qi Z, Weissmüller J (2013) Hierarchical nested-network nanostructure by dealloying. ACS Nano 7(7):5948–5954
Qi Z, Vainio U, Kornowski A, Ritter M, Weller H, Jin H et al (2015) Porous gold with a nested-network architecture and ultrafine structure. Adv Funct Mater 25(17):2530–2536
Lee MN, Santiago-Cordoba MA, Hamilton CE, Subbaiyan NK, Duque JG, Obrey KAD (2014) Developing monolithic nanoporous gold with hierarchical bicontinuity using colloidal bijels. J Phys Chem Lett 5(5):809–812
Sattayasamitsathit S, Gu Y, Kaufmann K, Minteer S, Polsky R, Wang J (2013) Tunable hierarchical macro/mesoporous gold microwires fabricated by dual-templating and dealloying processes. Nanoscale 5(17):7849–7854
Sattayasamitsathit S, O’Mahony AM, Xiao X, Brozik SM, Washburn CM, Wheeler DR et al (2012) Highly ordered tailored three-dimensional hierarchical nano/microporous gold–carbon architectures. J Mater Chem 22(24):11950
Wang D, Ji R, Albrecht A, Schaaf P (2012) Ordered arrays of nanoporous gold nanoparticles. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 3:651–657
Dong W, Ihlemann J, Schaaf P (2014) Complex patterned gold structures fabricated via laser annealing and dealloying. Appl Surf Sci 302:74–78
Isasa M, Pérez N, Tavera T, Trueba M, Alkorta J, Gil Sevillano J (2013) Nanoporous gold periodical linear patterns obtained by laser interference thermal treatment. Thin Solid Films 548:69–74
Zhang Z, Wang Y, Qi Z, Somsen C, Wang X, Zhao C (2009) Fabrication and characterization of nanoporous gold composites through chemical dealloying of two phase Al–Au alloys. J Mater Chem 19(33):6042
Zhang Z, Wang Y, Wang X (2011) Nanoporous bimetallic Pt-Au alloy nanocomposites with superior catalytic activity towards electro-oxidation of methanol and formic acid. Nanoscale 3(4):1663–1674
Qi Z, Gong Y, Zhang C, Xu J, Wang X, Zhao C et al (2011) Fabrication and characterization of magnetic nanoporous Cu/(Fe, Cu)3O4 composites with excellent electrical conductivity by one-step dealloying. J Mater Chem 21(26):9716
Zhang C, Wang X, Sun J, Kou T, Zhang Z (2013) Synthesis and antibacterial properties of magnetically recyclable nanoporous silver/Fe3O4 nanocomposites through one-step dealloying. CrystEngComm 15(19):3965
Guo X, Ye W, Sun H, Zhang Q, Yang J (2013) A dealloying process of core-shell Au@AuAg nanorods for porous nanorods with enhanced catalytic activity. Nanoscale 5(24):12582–12588
Lee C-L, Huang K-L, Tsai Y-L, Chao Y-J (2013) A comparison of alloyed and dealloyed silver/palladium/platinum nanoframes as electrocatalysts in oxygen reduction reaction. Electrochem Commun 34:282–285
Chen C, Kang Y, Huo Z, Zhu Z, Huang W, Xin HL et al (2014) Highly crystalline multimetallic nanoframes with three-dimensional electrocatalytic surfaces. Science 343(6177):1339–1343
Zhang L, Roling LT, Wang X, Vara M, Chi M, Liu J et al (2015) Platinum-based nanocages with subnanometer-thick walls and well-defined, controllable facets. Science 349(6246):412–416
Schaefer S (2015) Double-walled Ag-Pt nanotubes fabricated by galvanic replacement and dealloying: effect of composition on the methanol oxidation activity. NANO 10(6):66–77
Fujita T, Okada H, Koyama K, Watanabe K, Maekawa S, Chen M (2008) Unusually small electrical resistance of three-dimensional nanoporous gold in external magnetic fields. Phys Rev Lett 101(16):166601
Xia R, Wang JL, Wang R, Li X, Zhang X, Feng X-Q et al (2010) Correlation of the thermal and electrical conductivities of nanoporous gold. Nanotechnology 21(8):085703
Yang Q, Liang S, Han B, Wang J, Mao R (2012) Preparation and properties of enhanced bulk nanoporous coppers. Mater Lett 73:136–138
Mishra A, Bansal C, Hahn H (2008) Surface charge induced variation in the electrical conductivity of nanoporous gold. J Appl Phys 103(9):094308
Wahl P, Traußnig T, Landgraf S, Jin H-J, Weissmüller J, Würschum R (2010) Adsorption-driven tuning of the electrical resistance of nanoporous gold. J Appl Phys 108(7):073706
Steyskal E-M, Besenhard M, Landgraf S, Zhong Y, Weissmüller J, Pölt P et al (2012) Sign-inversion of charging-induced variation of electrical resistance of nanoporous platinum. J Appl Phys 112(7):073703
Sun L, Chien C-L, Searson PC (2004) Fabrication of nanoporous nickel by electrochemical dealloying. Chem Mater 16(16):3125–3129
Hakamada M, Takahashi M, Furukawa T, Mabuchi M (2009) Coercivity of nanoporous Ni produced by dealloying. Appl Phys Lett 94(15):153105
Hakamada M, Takahashi M, Furukawa T, Mabuchi M (2010) Surface effects on saturation magnetization in nanoporous Ni. Philos Mag 90(14):1915–1924
Maaroof A, Cortie M, Smith G (2005) Optical properties of mesoporous gold films. J Opt A: Pure Appl Opt 7(7):303
Maaroof A, Gentle A, Smith G, Cortie M (2007) Bulk and surface plasmons in highly nanoporous gold films. J Phys D Appl Phys 40(18):5675
Yu F, Ahl S, Caminade A-M, Majoral J-P, Knoll W, Erlebacher J (2006) Simultaneous excitation of propagating and localized surface plasmon resonance in nanoporous gold membranes. Anal Chem 78(20):7346–7350
Ahl S, Cameron PJ, Liu J, Knoll W, Erlebacher J, Yu F (2008) A comparative plasmonic study of nanoporous and evaporated gold films. Plasmonics 3(1):13–20
Schilling J, Sardana N, Heyroth F (2012) Propagating surface plasmons on nanoporous gold
Qian L, Shen W, Das B, Shen B, Qin GW (2009) Alumina coating of ultrafine nanoporous gold at room temperature and their optical properties. Chem Phys Lett 479(4):259–263
Qian L, Shen W, Shen B, Qin GW, Das B (2010) Nanoporous gold–alumina core–shell films with tunable optical properties. Nanotechnology 21(30):305705
Zeng J, Zhao F, Qi J, Li Y, Li C-H, Yao Y et al (2014) Internal and external morphology-dependent plasmonic resonance in monolithic nanoporous gold nanoparticles. RSC Adv 4(69):36682–36688
Lang X, Guan P, Zhang L, Fujita T, Chen M (2010) Size dependence of molecular fluorescence enhancement of nanoporous gold. Appl Phys Lett 96(7):073701
Lang XY, Guan PF, Fujita T, Chen MW (2011) Tailored nanoporous gold for ultrahigh fluorescence enhancement. Phys Chem Chem Phys 13(9):3795–3799
Kucheyev S, Hayes J, Biener J, Huser T, Talley C, Hamza A (2006) Surface-enhanced Raman scattering on nanoporous Au. Appl Phys Lett 89(5):053102
Dixon MC, Daniel TA, Hieda M, Smilgies DM, Chan MH, Allara DL (2007) Preparation, structure, and optical properties of nanoporous gold thin films. Langmuir 23(5):2414–2422
Qian L, Yan X, Fujita T, Inoue A, Chen M (2007) Surface enhanced Raman scattering of nanoporous gold: smaller pore sizes stronger enhancements. Appl Phys Lett 90(15):153120
Qian L, Inoue A, Chen M (2008) Large surface enhanced Raman scattering enhancements from fracture surfaces of nanoporous gold. Appl Phys Lett 92(9):093113
Lang XY, Chen LY, Guan PF, Fujita T, Chen MW (2009) Geometric effect on surface enhanced Raman scattering of nanoporous gold: improving Raman scattering by tailoring ligament and nanopore ratios. Appl Phys Lett 94(21):213109
Lang X, Guan P, Zhang L, Fujita T, Chen M (2009) Characteristic length and temperature dependence of surface enhanced Raman scattering of nanoporous gold. J Phys Chem C 113(25):10956–10961
Zhang L, Chen L, Liu H, Hou Y, Hirata A, Fujita T et al (2011) Effect of residual silver on surface-enhanced raman scattering of dealloyed nanoporous gold. J Phys Chem C 115(40):19583–19587
Chen L-Y, Yu J-S, Fujita T, Chen M-W (2009) Nanoporous copper with tunable nanoporosity for SERS applications. Adv Funct Mater 19(8):1221–1226
Chen L, Zhang L, Fujita T, Chen M (2009) Surface-enhanced raman scattering of silver@ nanoporous copper core-shell composites synthesized by an in situ sacrificial template approach. J Phys Chem C 113(32):14195–14199
Qian L, Das B, Li Y, Yang Z (2010) Giant Raman enhancement on nanoporous gold film by conjugating with nanoparticles for single-molecule detection. J Mater Chem 20(33):6891–6895
Li R, Sieradzki K (1992) Ductile-brittle transition in random porous Au. Phys Rev Lett 68(8):1168
Biener J, Hodge AM, Hamza AV (2005) Microscopic failure behavior of nanoporous gold. Appl Phys Lett 87(12):121908
Biener J, Hodge AM, Hamza AV, Hsiung LM, Satcher JH Jr (2005) Nanoporous Au: a high yield strength material. J Appl Phys 97(2):024301
Volkert C, Lilleodden E, Kramer D, Weissmüller J (2006) Approaching the theoretical strength in nanoporous Au. Appl Phys Lett 89(6):1920
Hodge AM, Hayes JR, Caro JA, Biener J, Hamza AV (2006) Characterization and mechanical behavior of nanoporous gold. Adv Eng Mater 8(9):853
Lee D, Wei X, Chen X, Zhao M, Jun SC, Hone J et al (2007) Microfabrication and mechanical properties of nanoporous gold at the nanoscale. Scr Mater 56(5):437–440
Lee D, Wei X, Zhao M, Chen X, Jun SC, Hone J et al (2007) Plastic deformation in nanoscale gold single crystals and open-celled nanoporous gold. Modell Simul Mater Sci Eng 15(1):S181
Biener J, Hodge AM, Hayes JR, Volkert CA, Zepeda-Ruiz LA, Hamza AV et al (2006) Size effects on the mechanical behavior of nanoporous Au. Nano Lett 6(10):2379–2382
Mathur A, Erlebacher J (2007) Size dependence of effective Young’s modulus of nanoporous gold. Appl Phys Lett 90(6):1910
Hodge AM, Biener J, Hayes JR, Bythrow PM, Volkert CA, Hamza AV (2007) Scaling equation for yield strength of nanoporous open-cell foams. Acta Mater 55(4):1343–1349
Hodge A, Doucette R, Biener M, Biener J, Cervantes O, Hamza A (2009) Ag effects on the elastic modulus values of nanoporous Au foams. J Mater Res 24(04):1600–1606
Seker E, Gaskins JT, Bart-Smith H, Zhu J, Reed ML, Zangari G et al (2007) The effects of post-fabrication annealing on the mechanical properties of freestanding nanoporous gold structures. Acta Mater 55(14):4593–4602
Seker E, Gaskins JT, Bart-Smith H, Zhu J, Reed ML, Zangari G et al (2008) The effects of annealing prior to dealloying on the mechanical properties of nanoporous gold microbeams. Acta Mater 56(3):324–332
Jin H-J, Kurmanaeva L, Schmauch J, Rösner H, Ivanisenko Y, Weissmüller J (2009) Deforming nanoporous metal: role of lattice coherency. Acta Mater 57(9):2665–2672
Jin H-J, Weissmüller J (2011) A material with electrically tunable strength and flow stress. Science 332(6034):1179–1182
Liu R, Antoniou A (2013) A relationship between the geometrical structure of a nanoporous metal foam and its modulus. Acta Mater 61(7):2390–2402
Wang K, Kobler A, Kuebel C, Jelitto H, Schneider G, Weissmueller J (2015) Nanoporous-gold-based composites: toward tensile ductility. NPG Asia Mater 7(6):e187
Volkmar Z, Birte J, Christian S, Juergen B, Biener MM, Hamza AV et al (2006) Gold catalysts: nanoporous gold foams. Angew Chem Int Ed 45(48):8241–8244
Xu C, Su J, Xu X, Liu P, Zhao H, Tian F et al (2007) Low temperature CO oxidation over unsupported nanoporous gold. J Am Chem Soc 129(1):42–43
Wittstock A, Zielasek V, Biener J, Friend CM, Baumer M (2010) Nanoporous gold catalysts for selective gas-phase oxidative coupling of methanol at low temperature. Science 327(5963):319–322
Han D, Xu T, Su J, Xu X, Ding Y (2010) Gas-phase selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde with molecular oxygen over unsupported nanoporous gold. ChemCatChem 2(4):383–386
Haruta M (2007) New generation of gold catalysts: nanoporous foams and tubes—is unsupported gold catalytically active? ChemPhysChem 8(13):1911–1913
Moskaleva LV, Röhe S, Wittstock A, Zielasek V, Klüner T, Neyman KM et al (2011) Silver residues as a possible key to a remarkable oxidative catalytic activity of nanoporous gold. Phys Chem Chem Phys 13(10):4529–4539
Liu XY, Wang A, Zhang T, Mou C-Y (2013) Catalysis by gold: new insights into the support effect. Nano Today 8(4):403–416
Asao N, Ishikawa Y, Hatakeyama N, Yamamoto Y, Chen M, Zhang W et al (2010) Nanostructured materials as catalysts: nanoporous-gold-catalyzed oxidation of organosilanes with water. Angew Chem Int Ed 49(52):10093–10095
Zhang J, Liu P, Ma H, Ding Y (2007) Nanostructured porous gold for methanol electro-oxidation. J Phys Chem C 111(28):10382–10388
Yu C, Jia F, Ai Z, Zhang L (2007) Direct oxidation of methanol on self-supported nanoporous gold film electrodes with high catalytic activity and stability. Chem Mater 19(25):6065–6067
Ge X, Wang R, Liu P, Ding Y (2007) Platinum-decorated nanoporous gold leaf for methanol electrooxidation. Chem Mater 19(24):5827–5829
Wang R, Wang C, Cai WB, Ding Y (2010) Ultralow-platinum-loading high-performance nanoporous electrocatalysts with nanoengineered surface structures. Adv Mater 22(16):1845–1848
Shao M, Shoemaker K, Peles A, Kaneko K, Protsailo L (2010) Pt monolayer on porous Pd–Cu alloys as oxygen reduction electrocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 132(27):9253–9255
Liu L, Scholz R, Pippel E, Gösele U (2010) Microstructure, electrocatalytic and sensing properties of nanoporous Pt46Ni54 alloy nanowires fabricated by mild dealloying. J Mater Chem 20(27):5621
Snyder J, Fujita T, Chen M, Erlebacher J (2010) Oxygen reduction in nanoporous metal–ionic liquid composite electrocatalysts. Nat Mater 9(11):904–907
Winter M, Brodd RJ (2004) What are batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors? Chem Rev 104(10):4245–4270
Peng Z, Freunberger SA, Chen Y, Bruce PG (2012) A reversible and higher-rate Li-O2 battery. Science 337(6094):563–566
Lang X, Hirata A, Fujita T, Chen M (2011) Nanoporous metal/oxide hybrid electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors. Nat Nanotechnol 6(4):232–236
Liu Z, Searson PC (2006) Single nanoporous gold nanowire sensors. J Phys Chem B 110(9):4318–4322
Liu Z, Du J, Qiu C, Huang L, Ma H, Shen D et al (2009) Electrochemical sensor for detection of p-nitrophenol based on nanoporous gold. Electrochem Commun 11(7):1365–1368
Feng R, Zhang Y, Yu H, Wu D, Ma H, Zhu B et al (2013) Nanoporous PtCo-based ultrasensitive enzyme-free immunosensor for zeranol detection. Biosens Bioelectron 42:367–372
Weissmüller J, Viswanath R, Kramer D, Zimmer P, Würschum R, Gleiter H (2003) Charge-induced reversible strain in a metal. Science 300(5617):312–315
Kramer D, Viswanath RN, Weissmüller J (2004) Surface-stress induced macroscopic bending of nanoporous gold cantilevers. Nano Lett 4(5):793–796
Viswanath R, Kramer D, Weissmüller J (2008) Adsorbate effects on the surface stress–charge response of platinum electrodes. Electrochim Acta 53(6):2757–2767
Detsi E, Onck P, De Hosson JTM (2013) Metallic muscles at work: high rate actuation in nanoporous gold/polyaniline composites. ACS Nano 7(5):4299–4306
Viswanath R, Weissmüller J (2013) Electrocapillary coupling coefficients for hydrogen electrosorption on palladium. Acta Mater 61(16):6301–6309
Detsi E, Sellès MS, Onck PR, De Hosson JTM (2013) Nanoporous silver as electrochemical actuator. Scr Mater 69(2):195–198
Biener J, Wittstock A, Zepeda-Ruiz L, Biener M, Zielasek V, Kramer D et al (2009) Surface-chemistry-driven actuation in nanoporous gold. Nat Mater 8(1):47–51
Bai Q, Wang Y, Zhang J, Ding Y, Peng Z, Zhang Z (2016) Hierarchically nanoporous nickel-based actuators with giant reversible strain and ultrahigh work density. J Mater Chem C 4:45–52
Cai J, Xu J, Wang J, Zhang L, Zhou H, Zhong Y et al (2013) Fabrication of three-dimensional nanoporous nickel films with tunable nanoporosity and their excellent electrocatalytic activities for hydrogen evolution reaction. Int J Hydrogen Energy 38(2):934–941
Liu T, Xie L, Li Y, Li X, Pang S, Zhang T (2013) Hydrogen/deuterium storage properties of Pd nanoparticles. J Power Sources 237:74–79
Mimatsu H, Mizuno J, Kasahara T, Saito M, Nishikawa H, Shoji S (2013) Low-temperature Au–Au bonding using nanoporous Au–Ag sheets. Japan J Appl Phys 52(5R):050204
Garcia-Gradilla V, Sattayasamitsathit S, Soto F, Kuralay F, Yardimci C, Wiitala D et al (2014) Ultrasound-propelled nanoporous gold wire for efficient drug loading and release. Small 10(20):4154–4159
Chapman CAR, Chen H, Stamou M, Biener J, Biener MM, Lein PJ et al (2015) Nanoporous gold as a neural interface coating: effects of topography, surface chemistry, and feature size. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(13):7093–7100
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ding, Y., Zhang, Z. (2016). Introduction to Nanoporous Metals. In: Nanoporous Metals for Advanced Energy Technologies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29749-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29749-1_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-29747-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-29749-1
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)