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Orthodontitis: The Inflammation Behind Tooth Movement and Orthodontic Root Resorption

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Biology of Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Abstract

This chapter summarizes, criticizes, and updates the knowledge regarding orthodontitis – the inflammation that lies behind orthodontic tooth movement and orthodontic root resorption, gathered over the years, focusing on the last decade publications that followed the ending of the Human Genome Project. Types of root resorption as well as the remodeling and (mini)modeling processes involved in the orthodontic root resorption process are described. Several well-known theories that might explain root shortening as a result of orthodontic treatment are presented. The effects of patient-related factors and treatment-related factors (orthodontic and non-orthodontic) are discussed in light of current literature. A protocol to minimize orthodontic root resorption and to avoid consequences of periodontitis during orthodontic treatment, using radiographic monitoring (standard, frequent, or intensive), is suggested.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Allergy symbolizes many other systemic medical conditions that most of them including allergy have controversial relationship to orthodontitis and its manifestations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. In Private Practice in Tel-Aviv, Tel-Aviv, Israel

    Naphtali Brezniak MD, DMD, MSD

  2. Orthodontic Departments, Hebrew and Tel-Aviv Universities, Tel-Aviv, Jerusalem, Israel

    Atalia Wasserstein DMD

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  1. Naphtali Brezniak MD, DMD, MSD
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  2. Atalia Wasserstein DMD
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Correspondence to Naphtali Brezniak MD, DMD, MSD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthodontics, VCU School of Dentistry, Richmond, Virginia, USA

    Bhavna Shroff

Appendix

Appendix

Suggested protocol to minimize orthodontic root resorption (ORR) and to avoid periodontitis consequences during orthodontic treatment (OT) for new and earlier orthodontic-treated patients. Orthodontitis and its consequences should be a part of any orthodontic treatment informed consent (Brezniak and Wasserstein 2016):

Orthodontitis and its unwanted ORR results as well as different types of periodontitis must be discussed with the patients/parents/guardians prior to the treatment and when positive findings were revealed during and following OT. This protocol is only a general suggestion or general guidelines and it does not replace the orthodontist’ professional medical discretion/judgment and responsibility of the consequences during and following OT.

Definitions

  • Monitoring: PA X-ray of the upper incisors

  • Standard Monitoring (SM): Monitoring following 9–12 months of force application to the incisors and at least once a year in a lengthy treatment

  • Frequent Monitoring (FM): Monitoring every 6–9 months following force activation on the incisors

  • Intensive Monitoring (IM): Monitoring every 4–6 months following force activation on the incisors

  1. I.

    General health – Does the patient suffer from allergyFootnote 1? If yes use FM protocol.

  2. II.

    Dental health – Does the patient suffer from periodontitis? If yes send the patient to the periodontist to discuss further related treatment considerations. When treatment lasts, use IM protocol adding bitewing X-ray every 4–6 months.

    1. A.

      New patient before treatment:

      1. 1.

        Does the patient have signs of RR (idiopathic, tooth related, etc.)? Go to 3b.

      2. 2.

        Does the patient demonstrate any periodontal problem (loss of bone support, cervical resorption, etc.)? If yes, go to II.

      3. 3.

        Was a close family member of the patient orthodontically treated in the past?

        1. (a)

          Was ORR detected? If not use SM protocol.

        2. (b)

          Is the amount of ORR on PA film:

          1. 1.

            Less than 2 mm? Use SM during treatment.

          2. 2.

            More than 2 mm but less than 1/3 of the root? Use FM protocol during treatment. Initiate treatment without extraction if needed, and decide only following 4–6 months in treatment.

          3. 3.

            More than 1/3 of the root? Use 3b2 protocol; however use IM protocol during treatment.

    2. B.

      An earlier treated orthodontic patient or a transfer patient:

      1. 1.

        Does the patient have signs of ORR on a mandatory incisors’ PA film? If not use SM; otherwise use 3b protocol.

      2. 2.

        Does the patient have signs of periodontal disease on mandatory incisors’ PA film and/or bitewing X-rays? If yes send the patient to the periodontist to discuss further related treatment considerations. Use FM protocol as well as bitewing X-rays every 4–6 months.

    3. C.

      Monitoring findings during treatment:

      1. 1.

        Does the patient have signs of ORR? If not continue to use SM; otherwise:

        1. (a)

          Less than 2 mm? Use FM during further treatment.

        2. (b)

          More than 2 mm but less than 1/3 of the root? Pause the treatment for 2–3 months. Take a new radiograph following 3 months in re-treatment to re-evaluate treatment continuation.

        3. (c)

          More than 1/3 of the root? Pause the treatment for 2–3 months. Further treatment procedures depend on the current conditions:

          1. 1.

            If close to the finish – Do as much as you can to finish treatment in a short time with compromises if needed. Try to avoid torque movements as much as you can. Use IM during treatment.

          2. 2.

            If more than a year estimated to finish – Change treatment goals; change treatment modalities like using TADS as anchorage; evaluate surgical procedures; consider implants in extraction spaces if possible and if needed; avoid using resorbed teeth as anchored ones; don’t use rectangular wires and avoid torque movements. Use IM during treatment.

      2. 2.

        Does the patient have signs of periodontal disease on PA or bitewing X-ray? If yes go to II.

    4. D.

      Findings following treatment:

      1. 1.

        Any type of ORR and/or periodontal disease should be discussed thoroughly with the patients/parents/guardians.

      2. 2.

        Teeth with mild or even severe ORR should rarely if ever be extracted. Fixed retention (sometimes double retention) attached to non-damaged teeth or fused bridges are the best long-term solution suggested for extreme cases.

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Brezniak, N., Wasserstein, A. (2016). Orthodontitis: The Inflammation Behind Tooth Movement and Orthodontic Root Resorption. In: Shroff, B. (eds) Biology of Orthodontic Tooth Movement. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26609-1_4

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